• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1479-1487
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• 2000

This study was conducted to draw out prevalence and the risk factors of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose for adults,(age 30-69). The subjects were 2096 adults, who had regular health examinations between January and December of 1999 at K Hospital in Seoul. The data was analyzed using chi-square test, unpaired t-test and logistic regression. Diabetes Mellitus and impaired fasting glucose were diagnosed by ADA (American Diabetes Association, 1997) criteria. The results were as follows: 1. Mens' prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus was 7.9% and womens' prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus was 3.8%. Mens' prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was 10.4% and womens' prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was 6.5%. Prevalences of Diabetes Mellitus and impaired fasting glucose increased with age. 2. Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and impaired fasting glucose of obese subjects (relative body weight>=162) was higher than that of overweight subjects (110<=relative body weight<=119) in men and women. 3. The diagnoses of Diabetes Mellitus and impaired fasting glucose increased with systolic blood pressure and triglyceride. 4. Significant factors associated with diabetes in the logistic regression best gut model were age, relative body weight, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride in men, and systolic blood pressure in women. In conclusion, as age, weight, systolic blood pressure and triglyceride get higher, Diabetes Mellitus and impaired fasting glucose prevalence also increases, porportionally.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.3 s.47
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• pp.425-436
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• 1994

This is to study the incidence of Diabetes and its risk factors in the impaired glucose tolerence group. 1084 subjects who had been examined 3 times for regular check-up in one human dock center under the university hospital were studied between $1986{\sim}1993$. The results are as follows; Prevalence rate of diabetes was 3.56%, and that of impaired glucose tolerence was 30.90% as of initial examination. The rate of diabetes was increasing with the age where 1.2% at age group $30{\sim}39$, 3.21% at age group $40{\sim}49$, 5.84% at age group $50{\sim}59$, 14.28% at age group 60 and over. And also the rate of impaired glucose tolerance was increasing with the age where 21.29% at age group $30{\sim}39$, 31.42% at age group $40{\sim}49$, 38.91% at age group $50{\sim}59$, 33.33% at age group 60 and over Of the examinees who were initially examined, total incidence rate of diabetes who developed to obvious diabetes at the 3rd follow-up examination from the initially impaired glucose tolerence group was 4.63% and it was 11.3 times higher than from the normal group (0.41%). After controlling for the effects of both age and obesity, the risk of subsequent diabetes for subjects with impaired glucose tolerance remained significantly higher than for normal subjects (Relative Risk, 10.48). Test for trends for developing to diabetes by the increasing level of fasting blood sugar and 1hr blood sugar at the initial examination were statistically significant in either normal and impaired glucose tolerence group. To determine the risk factor for developing to diabetes, logistic regression test was applied. Only fasting blood sugar and 1hr blood sugar were predictors for developing diabetes from the impaired glucose tolerence group at initial examination.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.7
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• pp.759-765
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• 2010

Purpose: This study evaluated the clinical manifestations of and risk factors for pituitary insufficiency in children and adolescents with Rathke's cleft cysts. Methods: Forty-four patients with Rathke's cleft cysts younger than 19 years who visited Seoul National University Children's Hospital between January 1995 and September 2009 were enrolled. Rathke's cleft cysts were confirmed histologically through an operation in 15 patients and by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 29 patients. The clinical, hormonal, and imaging features were reviewed retrospectively. Results: The clinical presentation of symptomatic patients was as follows: headache (65%), endocrinopathy (61%), and visual disturbance (19%). Endocrinopathy included central precocious puberty (18%), diabetes insipidus (14%), general weakness (11%), and decreased growth velocity (7%). After surgery, hyperprolactinemia resolved in all patients, but growth hormone insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and diabetes insipidus did not improve. Pituitary insufficiency except gonadotropin abnormality correlated significantly with severe headache, visual disturbance, general weakness, and cystic size. Suprasellar extension of cysts and high signals in the T2-weighted image on brain MRI were related to hypothyroidism, hypocortisolism, and diabetes insipidus. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that only general weakness was a risk factor for pituitary insufficiency ($R^2$=0.549). Conclusion: General weakness is a risk factor for pituitary insufficiency in patients with Rathke's cleft cysts. When a patient with a Rathke's cleft cyst complains of general weakness, the clinician should evaluate pituitary function and consider surgical treatment.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 2001

The statistical regression model is one of the most frequently used clinical analysis methods. It has basic assumption of linearity, additivity and normal distribution of data. However, most of biological data in medical field are nonlinear and unevenly distributed. To overcome the discrepancy between the basic assumption of statistical model and actual biological data, we propose a new analytical method based on artificial neural network. The newly developed multilayer perceptron(MLP) is trained with 120 data set (60 normal, 60 patient). On applying test data, it shows the discrimination power of 0.76. The diabetic risk factors were also identified from the MLP neural network model and the logistic regression model. The signigicant risk factors identified by MLP model were post prandial glucose level(PP2), sex(male), fasting blood sugar(FBS) level, age, SBP, AC and WHR. Those from the regression model are sex(male), PP2, age and FBS. The combined risk factors can be identified using the MLP model. Those are total cholesterol and body weight, which is consistent with the result of other clinical studies. From this experiment we have learned that MLP can be applied to the combined risk factor analysis of biological data which can not be provided by the conventional statistical method.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.734-742
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution and correlation of stroke risk factor according to age with stroke patients. This study was based on clinical data registered in Daejeon Oriental Medical Hospital from November 2006 to December 2010. Study subjects consisted of 779 patients with stroke within 1 month and they were classified according to age and existence of past history such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart diseaseand stroke family history. Stroke family history was distributed differently according to age unlike past history and in their 50's showed a particularly high rate. There was not statistically significant correlation between stroke family history and past history except for only between stroke family history and diabetes mellitus in the patients in their 80's and more. There was statistically significant correlation between hypertension and diabetes mellitus and especially in the patients in their 60's and 70's. There was statistically significant correlation between hypertension and ischemic heart disease and especially in the patients in their 80's and more. There was statistically significant correlation between diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease in the patients in their 60's. There was statistically significant correlation among hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease, but stroke family history and past history had independence, so management and research for this subject should be required further and further.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.622-630
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to establish an association between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), dietary carbohydrates and diabetes with the context of the current population dietary practice in Korea. The subjects of 3,389 adults (male 1,430, female 1,959) were divided into normal (serum fasting glucose < 100 mg/dL), impaired glucose tolerance (100 ${\leq}$ serum fasting glucose < 126 mg/dL), diabetes (serum fasting glucose > 126 mg/dL) by serum fasting glucose. Anthropometric and hematologic factors, and nutrient intakes, dietary glycemic index (DGI), dietary glycemic load (DGL) were assessed. Multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for relationship of DGI, DGL, carbohydrates intakes, and diabetes. DGI and DGL were not significantly correlated with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. However, the risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes showed a tendency to increase as increase of DGI after multivariate adjustment (age, education, income, region area, diabetes family history, smoking, drinking, exercise, energy intake) in male. The risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes showed a tendency to increase in the DGI 71.1-74.8 after multivariate adjustment in female. DGL was inversely related to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in male. In female, however, DGL was positively related to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. In particular, the risk of diabetes increased positively in level of DGL 260.5, and remained after multivariate adjustment (Q5 vs Q1：2.38, 0.87-6.48). When percent energy intakes from carbohydrates were more than 70%, the risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes increased in both male and female. In particular, when percent energy intakes from carbohydrates were more than 69.9%, the risk of diabetes increased positively in male (Q4 vs Q1：2.34, 1.16-4.17). In conclusion, above 70% energy intakes from carbohydrates appeared to be a risk factor of diabetes. It seemed that the meal with high GI and GL value must be avoided it. And also, the macronutrients of the meal must be properly balanced. In particular, it may be said that it is a preventive way for treatment of the diabetes to avoid eating carbohydrates of much quantity.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.61-64
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• 2009

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been definitively shown to be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Recent reports have indicated that obstructive sleep apnea is associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism, also have type 2 diabetes. The potential mechanisms leading to the development of type 2 diabetes in OSA patients are likely to be various. Reduced physical activity resulting from daytime somnolence, sympathetic nervous system activation, intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation and sleep loss, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, alteration in adipokine profiles, and activation of inflammatory pathways have been proposed. Based on the current evidence, clinicians should assess the risk of OSA in patients with type 2 diabetes and, conversely, consider that possibility of glucose intolerance in patients with OSA. Further large-scale and long-term follow-up studies in patient populations with selected by reliable but inexpensive diagnostic measures, controlled for potential confounder factor, are needed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3255-3258
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• 2016

Background: There has been much research work in the past to ascertain the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and breast cancer, but definitive evidence has been scanty. The present study was carried out to determine the association of type 2 diabetes mellitus with breast cancer in the female population of Northern Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was carried out in the Oncology Department of NORI Hospital. A total of 400 patients were included. Data were entered into PSPP 0.8.1. Two-tailed significance tests were used and a p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were a higher percentage of postmenopausal women in the diabetic breast cancer patients' group as compared to the non-diabetic subset. The odds ratio for the association between diabetes and risk of developing breast cancer was elevated with statistical significance (OR = 2.96; 95 % CI =1.3-6.3; p-value=0.004). The results of our study showed that diabetes is associated with a risk of developing breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women (OR = 4.928; 95 % CI = 2.1-11.3; p-value=0.001). The association was particularly marked in obese subjects (OR = 31.49; 95 % CI = 1.8-536; p- value=0.01), as compared to non-obese subjects (OR = 0.642; 95 % CI = 0.2-1.7). Conclusions: Diabetes is strongly associated with obesity and it tends to increase the risk of breast Cancer, especially in postmenopausal women. A high-risk subset for breast cancer comprised postmenopausal, diabetic and overweight women.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.7-12
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• 2019

This study aimed that certain risk factors are linked to the risk of developing depression and decreasing quality of life. This study was implemented using data from the 6th and 7th Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. The National Health and Nutrition Survey consist of health surveys, screenings, and nutrition surveys. Among the risk factors, data on adult diseases such as depression, hypertension, arthritis, diabetes, cataract, glaucoma, and macular degeneration were used. In total, 12,768 adults over 20 years of age were selected, of whom 520 were diagnosed with depression. The most common risk factors in adults over 20 years of age were hypertension, arthritis, cataract, diabetes, depression, glaucoma, and macular degeneration. Their risk factors were analyzed if these were associated with depression and quality of life. The results revealed that hypertension, arthritis, diabetes, cataract, glaucoma, and macular degeneration were predictors for the occurrence of depression in adults. The factors associated with the highest risk for depression were arthritis and glaucoma. Furthermore, the study investigated the effect of certain factors on the quality of life; the factor associated with the greatest impact on quality of life was arthritis. This study verified that the aforementioned factors were related to the risk of developing depression and decreasing quality of life.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.352-359
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• 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the geographic distribution of diabetes mortality in Japan and identify socioeconomic factors affecting differences in municipality-specific diabetes mortality. Methods: Diabetes mortality data by year and municipality from 2013 to 2017 were extracted from Japanese Vital Statistics, and the socioeconomic characteristics of municipalities were obtained from government statistics. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of diabetes for each municipality using the empirical Bayes method and represented geographic differences in SMRs in a map of Japan. Multiple linear regression was conducted to identify the socioeconomic factors affecting differences in SMR. Statistically significant socioeconomic factors were further assessed by calculating the relative risk of mortality of quintiles of municipalities classified according to the degree of each socioeconomic factor using Poisson regression analysis. Results: The geographic distribution of diabetes mortality differed by gender. Of the municipality-specific socioeconomic factors, high rates of single-person households and unemployment and a high number of hospital beds were associated with a high SMR for men. High rates of fatherless households and blue-collar workers were associated with a high SMR for women, while high taxable income per-capita income and total population were associated with low SMR for women. Quintile analysis revealed a complex relationship between taxable income and mortality for women. The mortality risk of quintiles with the highest and lowest taxable per-capita income was significantly lower than that of the middle-income quintile. Conclusions: Socioeconomic factors of municipalities in Japan were found to affect geographic differences in diabetes mortality.