• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.259-270
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• 2010

We conducted human risk assessment for exposure to inhalation of chemical substances emitted from the storage tanks of petroleum refineries. To assess human risk, this study calculated chemical emissions from the external floating roofs on storage tank at petroleum refineries, as well as concentrations thereof in the ambient air using the K-SCREEN model, and then determined risk in accordance with the Reference Concentration (RfC) values and Inhalation Unit Risk criteria developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The results indicated that non-carcinogenic chemicals have a hazard quotient of less than 1, meaning they have an insignificant effect on human health for residential areas near the storage tanks. Among the known carcinogens, the hazard risk for benzene slightly exceeded $10^{-6}$, indicating the need for corrective reduction measures. The methodology for health impact assessment devised herein provides findings useful in decision making for policy makers and the general public with respect to construction of industrial complexes. However, the methodology proposed herein does have limitations, including discrepancy in results induced by use of U.S. data (due to the lack of usable domestic data). More systematic studies from related researchers will be needed to address these issues and produce more reliable outcomes.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 2010

Toxicity identification and quantification are important factors to evaluate the effect of industrial effluent on the aquatic environment. In order to measure the potential and real toxicity of mixed chemicals in the effluents, the biological method (i.e., WET test) should be used as well as chemical analysis method. In this study, we conducted WET test for various kinds of industrial effluents using aquatic organisms such as water flea (Daphnia magna), algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), fish (Oryzias latipes, Danio rerio), and microorganism (Vibrio fisheri). In addition, we carried out chemical analysis and TIE (Toxicity Identification Evaluation) for effluents in order to identify the substances causing toxicity. Among the 30 kinds of wastewater, S13 showed the highest eco-toxicity and $Ca^{2+}$ and $Cl^-$ ion were suspected as major compounds causing toxicity for aquatic organisms. In order to confirm these suspected compounds, various confirmation procedures need to be carried out.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2011

Many countries of the world, including IMO, has noticed that foreign marine hazardous organisms, which were introduced by ballast water, have disturbed the marine ecosystem of its own nation, and posed a serious threat to human health and the value of environment and economy. Therefore, IMO has tried to manage the introduced species by assessing the risk of ballast water, and suggested three risk assessment methods, such as environmental matching risk assessment, speciesbiogeographical risk assessment, and species-specific risk assessment. In this thesis, species-specific risk assessment method was considered, and a risk assessment program established by applying it was described.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2008

Final regulatory steps for commercialization of transgenic crops are risk assessment and variety registration. The risk assessment of transgenic crops requires broad network of scientists, high cost and long term. Developers of transgenic crops, therefore, face to additional challenges to consider theoretical and strategic aspects on risk assessment. The general concept for risk assessment of genetically modified organisms was derived from chemical risk assessment. Due to the complexity of organisms, however, comparative approaches that are substantial equivalence and familarity have been developed. In practical view, the integration of risk assessment is more difficult than the evaluation of each risk factors involving gene flow, toxicity and allergenicity. Variety registration of transgenic crops requires the results of risk assessment compared with non-GM crops and agronomic data analyzed with standard varieties. For economic and fast commercialization, risk assessment process should combined with condition of cultivation test for variety registration.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.70-74
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• 2002

This study suggests safety assessment items and risk assessment technique for underground shopping malls by extracting dangerous elements in the management stage through examination of related accidents, documents and present conditions.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.20 no.4 s.51
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• pp.259-271
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• 2005

Engineered nanoparticles exhibit a variety of unique and tunable chemical and physical properties. These unique properties make the nanoparticles central components and widespread potential applications in nanoindustry. However, the potential toxicities of nanoparticles have not been fully evaluated. Recently, the impacts of nanoparticles to human and environment became the emerging issue of toxicology. In this article, physicochemical properties and toxicities of carbon nanotube, fullerene, quantum dots, and other types of nanomaterials were reviewed and the strategy of risk assessment were suggested based on the frame of chemical assessment.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.321-336
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the caries management by risk assessment (CAMBRA) development process and the latest updated caries risk assessment for the domestic settlement of the CAMBRA program and the activation of dental clinics. A system for CAMBRA was published in California Dental Association (CDA) in 2007. To investigate whether CAMBRA can be successfully implemented outside a university setting, a practice-based research network (PBRN) was created in the San Francisco Bay Area. Based on the CAMBRA-PRAN clinical studies, the caries risk assessment (CRA) tool was updated for patients aged 6 through adults in 2019. The CAMBRA system is expected to be widely and actively used in the dental field in Korea to contribute to oral health care.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2021

Objectives: Acute exposure to high concentrations of chemicals can occur when a chemical accident takes place. As such exposure can cause ongoing environmental pollution, such as in the soil and groundwater, there is a need for a tool that can assess health effects in the long term. The purpose of this study was assessing the health risks of residents living near a chemical accident site due to long-term exposure while considering the temporal concentration changes of the toxic chemicals leaked during the accident until their extinction in the environment using a multimedia environmental dynamics model. Methods: A health risk assessment was conducted on three cases of formaldehyde chemical accidents. In this study, health risk assessment was performed using a multimedia environmental dynamics model that considers the behavior of the atmosphere, soil, and water. In addition, the extinction period of formaldehyde in the environment was regarded as extinction in the environment when the concentration in the air and soil fell below the background concentration prior to the accident. The subjects of health risk assessment were classified into four groups according to age: 0-9 years old, 10-18 years old, 19-64 years old, and over 65 years old. Carcinogenic risk assessment by respiratory exposure and non-carcinogenic risk assessment by soil intake were conducted as well. Results: In the assessment of carcinogenic risk due to respiratory exposure, the excess carcinogenic risk did not exceed 1.0×10-6 in all three chemical accidents, so there was no health effect due to the formaldehyde chemical accident. As a result of the evaluation of non-carcinogenic risk due to soil intake, none of the three chemical accidents had a risk index of 1, so there was no health effect. For all three chemical accidents, the excess cancer risk and hazard index were the highest in the age group 0-9. Next, 10-18 years old, 65 years old or older, and 19-64 years old showed the highest risk. Conclusion: This study considers environmental changes after a chemical accident occurs and until the substance disappears from the environment. It also conducts a health risk assessment by reflecting the characteristics of the long-term persistence and concentration change over time. It is thought that it is of significance as a health risk assessment study reflecting the exposure characteristics of the accident substance for an actual chemical accident.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.691-704
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• 2020

The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries has designated 17 species as harmful marine organisms with the purpose of managing harmful marine species that threaten health and property. In designating and managing harmful marine species, detailed and effective regulations were originally established in November 2015, and a minor amendment of the directive was published in 2019 - Directive on Designating and Managing Marine Ecosystem Invasive Species and Harmful Marine Species (hereinafter, the Directive). Thus, this study had two aims: Firstly, to increase public awareness of the harmful marine species management system run by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries via description of the present harmful marine species risk assessment system. Secondly, to improve the current risk assessment system by providing policy suggestions developed through review of the present harmful marine species designation and management system. In so doing, this study reviewed the 'harmful marine species - harmfulness risk assessment system' in both the definitions of "risk" and "assessment". As a result, the present definition of 'risk' adequately fulfills the policy aims on the Regulation of Marine Ecosystem, which includes an economic value. However, it seems that there is a loophole in the rules of risk assessment, lacking terms of reference in the definition of "risk". Moreover, with regards to risk assessment, a quantitative risk assessment system was sufficient but lacked elements of qualitative risk, suggesting future research in this area may prove useful in the management of harmful marine species.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.33-44
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• 2023

A risk assessment on the heavy metals including arsenic (As), cupper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) was investigated by setting exposure routes in agricultural fields. Moreover, the factors requiring improvement in risk assessment were also discussed through a review of the dermal absorption slope factor (SF_abs) and total amount of suspended particles (TSP) in the current risk assessment guidelines. Assessment results show that the total cancer risk (TCR) of As through crop and soil ingestion was 1.51E-03 in adults and 6.37E-4 in children, which indicated a carcinogenic risk (exceeding 1E-05). On the other side, the harzard index (HI) was 3.37 in adults and 1.41 in children, which was evaluated as having a non-carcinogenic risk (>1). The carcinogenic purification targets for As were calculated to be 6.84 mg/kg in adults and 6.86 mg/kg in children, while the non-carcinogenic purification targets were calculated to be 13.43 mg/kg for adults and 22.54 mg/kg for children. When applying SF_abs 61 of the current guidelines, it appears that there is a carcinogenic risk even though the As exposure concentration is below the area of concern 1 standard (25 mg/kg), which suggestes that additional research on this factor is required for the risk assessment. In order to apply the measured suspended particle concentration to risk assessment, TSP should be derived from PM10 using an appropriate correlation equation. As a result, it is suggested to improve the risk assessment guidelines so that the mesured PM10 value measured in the field can be used directly.