• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.72-76
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• 2003

This paper presents the design concept and operation results of float-off for FSO (340,000 DWT Class, ELF AMENAM KPONO Project) built on the ground, without dry dock facilities. It was the first attempt to build FSO, completely, on the ground and launch it using DBU (Double Barge Unit, which was connected by rigid frame structure.) The major characteristics of FSO, which are similar to general VLCC type hull, including topside structure, weigh 51,000 metric ton. In order to have sufficient stability during the deck immersion of DBU, while passing through a minimum water plane area zone, proper trim control was completed with LMC (Load Master Computer). The major features of the monitoring system include calculation for transverse bending moment, shear force, local strength check of each connector, based on component stress, and deformation check during the load-out and float-off. Another major concern during the operation was to avoid damages at the bottom and sides of FSO, due to motion & movement after free-floating; therefore, adequate clearances between DBU and FSO were to be provided, and guide posts were installed to prevent side damage of the DBU casings. This paper also presents various measures that indecate the connector bending moment, damage stability analysis, and mooring of DBU during float off.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.649-662
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• 2020

Although several types of rigid shear connectors have been developed particularly to increase load-carrying capacity, application is limited due to the complicated details of such connection. In this study, push-out tests were performed for specimens with hybrid shear connectors using headed studs and shear plates to identify the effects of each parameter on the structural performance of such shear connection. The test parameters included steel ratios of headed stud to shear plate, connection length, and embedded depth of shear plates. The peak strength and residual strength were estimated using various shear transfer mechanisms such as stud shear, concrete bearing, and shear friction. The hybrid shear connectors using shear plates and headed studs showed large load-carrying capacity and deformation capacity. The peak strength was predicted by the concrete bearing strength of the shear plates. The residual strength was sufficiently predicted by the stud shear strength of headed studs or by shear friction strength of dowel reinforcing bars. Further, the finite element analysis was performed to verify the shear transfer mechanism of the connection with hybrid shear connector.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 1983

Path of insertion(1) can be defined that the direction of movement of an appliance from the point of initial contact of its rigid parts with the supporting teeth to the place of final rest. Krol(2) described that in the conventional path of insertion, all the rests are seated more or less simultaneously but in the use of the rotational path one segment of the partial denture is seated first then the remainder of the prosthesis is rotated into position. The rotational path of insertion is limited primarily to the tooth borne prosthesis. Its great advantages are the elimination of anterior clasps to improve ethetic and reduction of tooth coverage to minimize plaque accumulation. Either a rigid minor connector or proximal plate provides retention through its intimate contact with a proximal tooth surface below the height of contour as indicated at a o-degree tilt. A specially designed rest in conjunction with this retentive component satisfies the basic requirements of clasp design. The purpose of this study was a clinical evaluation of rotational path removable partial dentures. Author delivered rotational path removable partial dentures to three different cases of patients and evaluated function of the dentures, difficulties of removal and insertion of the dentures and supporting structures of the abutment teeth by means of clinical and X-ray examinations for eighteen months. According to the examination data author came to the conclusion that the prognosis of the rotational path removable partial dentures was excellent.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.328-334
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• 2009

연구목적: 하악 제 1 소구치 및 제 1 대구치가 결손 되어 중간 지대치를 갖는 5 본 고정성 국소의치에서 비고정형 어태치먼트의 설계 유무 및 지대치의 지지골 상태에 따른 변위 및 응력분포의 차이를2 차원 유한요소분석을 통해 비교하여 보고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 5 본 고정성 국소의치는 일체형과 분할형으로 구분하였으며, 분할형에는 제 2 소구치와 제 1 대구치 사이에 비고정형 어태치먼트를 설계하였다. 지지골은 모두 정상인 경우와 세 개 지대치중 한 개의 지대치에서 임상적 치관 대 치근 비율이 6 : 4 정도까지 골 흡수가 일어난 세 가지 경우를 가정하여 총 네 가지의 지지골 상태를 설정하였다. 제 1 소구치와 제 1 대구치 가공치 중앙에 각각 150 N의 수직 분산하중과, 제 1 대구치 가공치 중앙에 300 N의 수직 집중하중을 가하였다. 결과: 일체형과 분할형 고정성 국소의치 모두에서 하중 시 하방 변위를 보였다. 분할형 고정성 국소의치에서 일체형보다 전방 지대치 지지골에서의 응력은 감소하였으나 중간 및 후방 지대치 지지골에서의 응력은 증가하였다. 지대치의 치조골 흡수가 있는 경우 해당 지대치의 지지골에 국소적인 응력 증가가 나타났다. 결론: 중간 지대치를 갖는 고정성 국소의치를 설계할 경우 유지 장치의 유지 능력과 지대치의 지주 상태 그리고 어태치먼트의 사용에 대한 주의 깊은 고찰이 필요하겠다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.33-49
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• 1997

A method of analysis is proposed for curved multicell box girder grillages. The method can be used to analyze box girder grillages comprising straight and/or curved segments. Each segment can be modelled by a number of beam elements. Each element has three nodes and the nodal degrees of freedom (DOF) consist of the six DOF for a conventional beam plus DOF to account for torsional warping, distortion, distortional warping, and shear lag. This element is an extension of a straight element that was developed earlier. For a more realistic analysis of the intersection regions of non-colinear box girder segments, the concept of a rigid connector is introduced, and the compatibility requirements between adjoining elements in those regions are discussed. The results of the analysis showed good agreement with the shell finite element results, but the proposed method of analysis needs a fraction of the time and effort compared to the shell finite element analysis.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회논문집
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• pp.90-100
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• 2000

The present paper investigates the elasto-plastic buckling of ball-jointed single layer latticed domes considering the connection characteristics. The domes are composed of tubular member elements, ball joints and connectors. To judge yielding of the member, the ends and central part of tubular member elements are assumed as five elasto-plastic springs. Elasto-plastic buckling load can be identified the yielding load of estimated member As a numerical analysis technique, loading incremental method based on the Newton-Raphson method is used. The effects of connection characteristics are investigated by the following points; (1) the length of rigid zone, (2) looseness of screw, (3) diameter of connector Finally, it is emphasized that the connection characteristics as well as the material non-linearity have significant effects upon the buckling toad of domes.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.339-358
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• 2014

Exodermic deck systems are new composite steel grid deck systems which have been used in various projects during the past decade. One of the eminent features of this system is considerable reduction in the structure weight compared to the ordinary reinforced concrete decks and also reduction in construction time by using precast Exodermic decks. In this study, dynamic properties of the Exodermic deck bridges with alternative perfobond shear connectors are investigated experimentally. In order to evaluate the dynamic properties of the decks, peak picking and Nyquist circle fit methods are employed. Frequencies obtained experimentally are in good agreement with the results of the finite-element solution, and the experimental results show that the first mode is the most effective mode among the obtained modes. The first four modes are the rigid translational motion modes, and the next two modes seem to be rigid rotational motion modes around a horizontal axis. From the 7th mode onwards, modes are flexible. The range of damping ratios is about 0.5%. Furthermore, the static behavior of the Exodermic decks under a static load applied at the center of the decks was investigated. Failure of the decks under positive bending was punching-shear. The bending strength of the decks under negative bending was about 50 percent of their strength under positive bending. In addition, the weight of an Exodermic deck is about 40% of that of an equivalent reinforced concrete slab.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제29권6A호
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• pp.651-659
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• 2009

본 연구는 일체식 교대 교량의 파일-교대 연결부의 거동에 관한 것이다. 본 연구에서는 일체식 교대 교량 연결부의 강체거동을 위하여 교대에 매입된 파일(H형강)에 관통철근을 배치한 형태, 스터드 전단연결재를 설치한 형태의 두 가지의 파일-교대 연결부를 제안하였다. 제안된 파일-교대 연결부의 거동 평가를 위하여 제안된 연결부가 설치된 파일-교대 축소모형 시험체와 일체식 교량 설계지침에서 제시한 연결부가 설치된 파일-교대 축소모형 시험체를 제작하여 하중재하시험을 수행하였다. 하중재하시험 결과, 모든 시험체에서 탄성영역 내의 초기강성은 일반적인 일체식 교대 교량에 적용이 가능할 정도로 나타났다. 그러나 항복 이후 강성과 하중저항 성능, 균열진전양상, 회전 강성 및 지압강도 측면에서 비교한 결과, 본 연구에서 제안한 파일-교대 연결부 방식이 일체식 교대교량의 파일 연결부의 강체거동에 더욱 효과적인 것으로 평가되었다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.105-120
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• 2013

Flexural behavior of thin walled steel-concrete composite sections as cross sections for beams is investigated by conducting an experimental study supported by applicable analytical predictions. The experimental study consists of testing up to failure, simply supported beams of effective span 1440 mm under two point loading. The test specimens consisted of composite box and channel (with lip placed on tension side and compression side) sections, the behavior of which was compared with companion empty sections. To understand the role of shear connectors in developing the composite action, some of the composite sections were provided with novel simple bar type and conventional bolt type shear connectors in the shear zone of beams. Two RCC beams having equivalent ultimate moment carrying capacities as that of composite channel and box sections were also considered in the study. The study showed that the strength to weight ratio of composite beams is much higher than RCC beams and ductility index is also more than RCC and empty beams. The analytical predictions were found to compare fairly well with the experimental results, thereby validating the applicability of rigid plastic theory to cold-formed steel concrete composite beams.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제10권3호통권36호
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• pp.437-449
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• 1998

합성형구조에서 콘크리트와 강재가 일체로 거동하기 위해서 전단연결재는 충분한 강성과 강도를 지니고 있어야 한다. 만약 콘크리트와 판형의 경계면에서 수직 또는, 수평방향으로 미끄러짐이 발생하지 않는다면 전단연결재는 무한강성으로 표현되어지고, 이상적으로 완전합성거동을 하게 된다. 그러나, 모든 전단연결재는 어느 정도의 범위내에서 유연성을 가지게 되며, 항상 불완전합성작용을 하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 3가지 방법에 의해서 불완전합성작용을 하는 합성형을 해석하는 실용적인 방법에 대하여 연구하였다. 미분방정식의 일반해로부터 유도된 강도매트릭스법과 경계부분의 스프링상수를 뼈대구조로 대체한 유한요소법, 가상일의 원리를 이용한 유한요소법의 3가지 방법에 의하여 합성형의 처짐특성을 고찰하였다. 또한, 불완전합성형에서 단면특성과 전단연결재의 스프링상수를 이용하여 합성형의 합성정도를 추정할수 있는 간이법을 제시하였다.