• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.24
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• pp.121-142
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• 1995

The Expressionism took shape in the early twentieth century, so called as the time of change and innovation which intermediated between the time of extreme prosperity and peace and the time of disruption. This study is based on the wide sense of Expressionism out of various concepts of Expressionism. The afore-mentioned phenomenon was emphasized all the more in the French Expressionism and it is the most important and substantial object in the Art to make a direct transference of emotion , feeling and thought and it could be regarded as one of characteristics of the French Expressionism . In Addition, the Expressionism produced " Aesthetics on Ugliness "Aesthetics des H lichen )" in creating work of art. It was an expression of the Existentialism based on Humanism for modern people who lived at time of nihility and such artistic movement accepted polarity and ambivalance concepts claimed by Nietzsche into three specific fields in accordance with thought and technique in the work of art and those are the Intuitional Expressionism. Cubistic Expressionism and Fantastic Expressionism. This study makes a close analysis of costume style trends on the basis of the categorized Expressionism enumerated as above. The characteristics of Intuitional Expressionism is that poverty and a sense of alienation dominated all society and thus the social reality brought a trend of social participation . This social reality effected significantly modern costume style and a reformative costume turned up at last . This reformative costume was classified into Gar onne look, Military look and Lingerie look by characteristics of style in order to make a close examination for the relationship between social reality and the reformative structure. Cubistic Expressionism effected costume forming and changed costume style through " Deformation " and " Distortion" in forming technique , and also it has developed geometrical style of costume, which could be symbolized by mechanism. And on the other hand, this Cubistic Expressionism has emphasized exaggerated expression ability to produce rigid and stiff style of costume. Fantastic Expression pursued basic artistic worth from the primitive and ethnic customs and accepted fantastic oriental Exoticism . This Fantastic Expressionism effected costume style of twentieh century and such designers as Lon Bakst, Paul Poiret, Elsa Schiapareli adopted intentive primary color. It also applied " Depaysment" to modern costume style , which introduced avant-garde design to give an impact through destruction of the existing traditional concept. This study also analized seven major representative costume designers of the early twentieth century. They are L on Bakst, Paul Poiret, Madeline Vionnet, JeanPatou, Gabriel Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli. These designers deployed creative costume design work with peculiar expression technique based on the French expressionism. The costume study related to art history was so far made mostly to approach costume forming but only a few study is found to have approached idealistic background of art history in connection with creating costume. From that point of view, it is profoundly significant for this study to analize idealistic background and characteristics of Expressionism and relationship between costume and expressionism and to examine modern costume of twntieth century in conjunction with technical characteristics and spiritual sense of Expresionism.eristics and spiritual sense of Expresionism.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.402-410
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• 2017

The effect of the steel pipe member joint on the design performance of a plastic multi-span greenhouse was analysed through the comparing full-scale experiment and numerical analysis. The design performance of the greenhouse is generally evaluated through numerical analysis, but it is rare to consider the characteristics of the connections or joints of the members. In this study, the effect of the column-gutter beam-rafter-wind break wall joint on the design performance of the whole structure of a plastic multi-span greenhouse was analysed. The numerical results with assuming that the member joint are rigid condition were compared with the full-scale load test results using member joints used in the field. The stiffness of the entire structure was compared using the load-displacement relationship and the change of the load sharing ratio that the main members such as column, rafters, and wind break wall was analysed. The results of the load test were about 40% larger than the numerical result and the member stress was more than twice as large as those of the loaded columns. In order to increase the reliability of the design performance of the greenhouse, it is necessary to develop a numerical analysis model which can consider the characteristics of various joints.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.737-752
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• 1992

Analysis of elasto-dynamic deformation of flexible linkage mechanism is conducted using the finite element method. The equations of motion of the system are derived from the static structural problem in which dynamic inertia, gravitational and driving forces are treated as external loads. Linear spring model is included in the formulation of equation of motions to represent the effects of deformation of elastic bearings of revolute joints on the system behavior. A computer program is constructed and applied to analyze a specific crank-lever 4-bar mechanism. The algorithm of the program is as follows. First, the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the system are calculated by solving the eigenproblem of the mechanism system which can be considered as a static structure by assuming the input shaft (crank shaft) to be fixed at any given configuration of mechanism. And finally, the elasto-dynamic deformation of the whole system is obtained using mode superposition method for the case of constant input speed. The effect of geometric stiffness on the mechamism is included in the program with the axial forces of links obtained through the quasi-static displacement analysis. It is found that the geometric stiffness exerts an important effect upon the elasto-dynamic behavior of the flexible linkage mechanism. Elastic deformation of bearing lowers the natural frequencies of the system, resulting smaller elastic displacement at the mid-point of the links and bigger elestic displacement at the ends of the links than rigid bearing. The above investigation of flexible linkage mechanism shows that the effects of the elastic deformation of bearing on the mechanism should be considered to design the mechanism which satisfies more preciously the purpose and the condition of design.

• Journal of KSNVE
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.146-156
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• 1998

To mitigate excessive noise from highways, and high speed rail road, it is often necessary to construct a noise barrier. Absorptive barroer attenuation solution is obtained for the problem of diffration of a plane wave sound source by a semi-infinite plane. A finite region in the vicinity of the edge has an highly absorbing boundary condition ; the remaining portion of the half plane is rigid. The problem which is solved is a mathematical model for a hard barrier with an absorbing edge. If the wavelength of the sound is much smaller than the length scale associated with the barrier, the diffraction process is governed to all intents and purpose by the solution to a standard problem of diffraction by a semi-infinite hard plane with an absorbent edge. It is concluded that the absorbing material that comprises the edge need only be of the order of a wavelength long to have approximately the same effect, on the sound attenuation in the shadow side of the barrier. Traffic noise is composed of thousands of sources with varying frequency content. To simplify noise predictions when barriers are present, an effective frequency of 550Hz may be used to represent all vehicles. The wavelength of sound at f=550Hz for traffic noise is about 2 feet. According to the above conclusion, an absorptive highway noise barrier is only needed to cover to cover approximately a 2 foot length of absorbing material. It would be more economical to cover only the region in the immediate vicinity of the edge with highly sound obsorbent material.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.306-314
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• 2006

Instrumented indentation technique is a new way to evaluate nondestructive such mechanical properties as flow properties, residual stress and fracture toughness by analyzing indentation load-depth curves. This study evaluated quantitatively the flow properties of steels and residual stress of weldments. First, flow properties can be evaluated by defining a representative stress and strain from analysis of deformation behavior beneath the rigid spherical indenter and the parameters obtained from instrumented indentation tests. For estimating residual stress, the deviatoric-stress part of the residual stress affects the indentation load-depth curve, so that by analyzing the difference between the residual-stress-induced indentation curve and residual-stress-free curve, the quantitative residual stress of the target region can be evaluated. The algorithm for flow property evaluation was verified by comparison with uniaxial tensile test and the residual stress evaluation model was compared to mechanical cutting and ED-XRD results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 2016

In this study, we proposed a pier of pontoon-type, "Very Large Floating Structure" (VLFS), with the length of 500m, breadth of 200 m and height of 2 m in Yeosu domestic port. Since this structure ought to endure wave loads for long periods at sea, it is essential to analyze the wave response characteristics. Direct-method is used to analyze the fluid-structure problem and the coupled motion of equation is used to obtain response results. The structural part is calculated by using finite element method (FEM) and the fluid part is analyzed by using boundary element method (BEM). Dynamic responses caused by the elastic deformation and rigid motion of structure are analyzed by numerical calculation. To investigate response characteristics of the pier in regular waves, several factors such as the wavelength, water depth, wave direction and flexural rigidity of structure are considered. As a result, wave response of pier changed at the point of $L/{\lambda}$ 1.5 and represented the torsional phenomenon according to the various incident waves. And the responses showed increasing tendency as the water depths increase at the incident point in case of $L/{\lambda}=8.0$ and peak point of vertical displacement amplitude moved from side to side as the flexural rigidity of structure changes.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2020

The wind design of buildings is typically based on strength provisions under ultimate loads. This is unlike the ductility-based approach used in seismic design, which allows inelastic actions to take place in the structure under extreme seismic events. This research investigates the application of a similar concept in wind engineering. In seismic design, the elastic forces resulting from an extreme event of high return period are reduced by a load reduction factor chosen by the designer and accordingly a certain ductility capacity needs to be achieved by the structure. Two reasons have triggered the investigation of this ductility-based concept under wind loads. Firstly, there is a trend in the design codes to increase the return period used in wind design approaching the large return period used in seismic design. Secondly, the structure always possesses a certain level of ductility that the wind design does not benefit from. Many technical issues arise when applying a ductility-based approach under wind loads. The use of reduced design loads will lead to the design of a more flexible structure with larger natural periods. While this might be beneficial for seismic response, it is not necessarily the case for the wind response, where increasing the flexibility is expected to increase the fluctuating response. This particular issue is examined by considering a case study of a sixty-five-story high-rise building previously tested at the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory at the University of Western Ontario using a pressure model. A three-dimensional finite element model is developed for the building. The wind pressures from the tested rigid model are applied to the finite element model and a time history dynamic analysis is conducted. The time history variation of the straining actions on various structure elements of the building are evaluated and decomposed into mean, background and fluctuating components. A reduction factor is applied to the fluctuating components and a modified time history response of the straining actions is calculated. The building components are redesigned under this set of reduced straining actions and its fundamental period is then evaluated. A new set of loads is calculated based on the modified period and is compared to the set of loads associated with the original structure. This is followed by non-linear static pushover analysis conducted individually on each shear wall module after redesigning these walls. The ductility demand of shear walls with reduced cross sections is assessed to justify the application of the load reduction factor "R".

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.513-520
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• 2012

Objectives : In this study, contact angle and shore D hardness were measured, and a shark fin test was conducted after selecting five addition silicon(Blu-Mousse, BM; EXABITE II, EX; PERFECT, PF; Regisil$^{(R)}$ Rigid, RE; Silagum$^{(R)}$, SI) in order to figure out the properties of elastomeric interocclusal recording materials and reduce errors at interocclusal recording. 8) Methods : A contact angle was measured using a contact angle analyzer. After placing a drop of liquid on the surface of the specimens of interocclusal recording materials, a contact angle was photographed with a CCD camera on the equipment. In terms of a shark fin test, interocclusal recording materials were mixed for the time proposed by the manufacturer and inserted into the split ring of the Shark fin device. Twenty (20) seconds exactly, a metal rod was removed to make the materials slowly absorbed. Once they hardened, fin height was measured with a caliper after separating molds and trimming the specimens. The shore D hardness was measured with a shore D hardness tester(Model HPDSD, Hans Schmidt & Co. Gmbh, Germany) in sixty (60) minutes after fabricating specimens. In each experiment, five specimens, mean and standard deviation were calculated. A one-way ANOVA test was performed at the p>0.05 level of significance. In terms of correlation among the tests, Pearson correlation coefficient was estimated. For multiple comparison, Scheffe's test was carried out. Results : A contact angle was the highest in EX with $99.23^{\circ}$ (p<0.05) while the result of the shark fin test was the longest in RE with 5.45mm. SI was the lowest (0.27mm) with statistical significance. Among the interocclusal recording materials, significant difference was observed in terms of means (p<0.05). The shore D hardness was the highest in SI with 31.0 while RE was significantly low with 16.4 (p<0.05). Among the materials, statistically significant difference was observed in terms of means when compared to the rest materials (RE), BM, RE and SI (PF and EX) and the remaining materials (BM and SI) (p<0.05). In terms of correlations among the tests, a negative correlation occurred between shore D hardness and shark fin test(r=-0.823, p=0.000). Conclusions : According to the study above, it is necessary to understand the properties of interocclusal recording materials and consider contact angle, shark fin test and properties of shore D hardness to select appropriate materials.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.33-43
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• 2012

Why solar companies preferred vertical integration of whole value chain? Major solar companies have built internally strong vertical integration of entire PV value chain. We raise a question whether such integration increases the corporate value and whether market situation affects the result. To test these questions, we conducted multi-variant analysis where characteristic factors mainly affect the corporate value measured in terms of Tobin'Q, based on the financial and non-financial data of PV companies listed in US stock market between 2005 and 2010. We hypothesize that since integration increases the overall efficiency but decreases the flexibility to adjust to various market situation, the combined effect of the efficiency gain and the flexibility loss ultimately determines the sign of integration effect on the corporate vale. We infer that the combined effect will be influenced heavily by business cycle, as in boom market (Seller's market) the efficiency gain may be larger than the flexibility loss and vice versa in bust market. We test whether the sign of combined effect changes after the year of 2009 and which factors influence most the sign. Year of 2009 is known as the year when market shifted from Seller's to Buyer's market. We show that 1) integration increases corporate value in general but after 2009 integration significantly decreases the value, 2) the ratios such as Production/Total Cost, Cash turnover period chosen for reversal of the flexibility measure are negatively affect Tobin's Q and especially stronger after 2009. This shows the flexibility improves corporate value and stronger in the recess period (Buyer's market). These results imply that solar company should set up integration strategy considering the tradeoff between efficiency and flexibility and the impact of the business cycle on both factors. Strategy only based on the price competitiveness determined in boom time can bring undesirable outcomes to the company. In addition, Strategic alliances in some value chains as a flexible bondage should be taken in account as complementary choice to the rigid integration.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 1995

Two-layered fluid with sloping bottom and top(${\beta}$-effect) in rigid cylinder is put on the rotating table. To drive the lower-layer motion in "the Sverdrup type" flow external fluid is pumped into the lower-layer. By introducing inlet-outlet system in the upper-layer, an analogy to the Tsushima Tsugaru, Soya of the East Sea has been tested. The position of the inlet-outlet system and the difference between the strength of inlet or outlet flow are changed to see the effects of the wind stress on the upper-layer. The northern part of inflow toward the outlet may be interpreted roughly as the position of the polar front in the East Sea. Experimental observations have revealed that the inflow flows along the western boundary before it separates into the interior and flows straight toward the outlet position. However, the wind effect is imposed upon the upper-layer, the western boundary flow branches into two parts of which one flows along the boundary and the other flows into the interior under the influence of negative wind stress curl, while southward western boundary flow seems to block the flow and deflect it to the interior. The changes in the position of inlet-outlet system produce more significant changes in flow pattern in that cyclonic flow in the north controls the northern extent of the polar front by deflecting the northward interior motion toward the west(outlet). Interface displacement which depends strongly on the velocity difference between two layers seems to play crucial role in terms of the path of upper-layer flow, particularity, the inflow.