• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.6-16
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• 1991

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was evaluated in 12 children ranging in age from 2.7 to 10.0 yr using $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ SPECT. For quantitative analysis, 13 pairs of homologous regions of interest (ROIs) were created on three attenuation-corrected 18.8 mm thick transverse slices matching the cerebral cortical regions, deep gray matter, cerebellar hemisphere, and vascular territories, and the semiquantitative indices including "right to left ratio" [(mean count/voxel of homologous right ROI) / (mean count/voxel of homologous left ROI)] and "regional index"(RI) [(mean count/voxel of a ROI)/ (mean count/voxel of all ROIs of each hemisphere)] were calculated. Mean values of right to left ratios of homologous regions ranged from 0.984 to 1.028 in children under 5 yr (group 1) and from 0.982 to 1.012 in children between 5 and 10 yr (group 2), and the mean $value{\pm}2S.D.$ for each region did not exceed 11% and 12% in group 1 and group 2, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the RIs of the homologous right and left regions. Significant differences of RIs were found both between vascular regions (p<0.0005 for goup 1, and p=0.0001 for goup 2) and between regions of cerebral cortices (p<0.0005 for group 1, and p<0.005 for group 2) with a relatively high value in the occipital cortex and the lower values in the cerebellum and deep gray matter among the regions of cerebral cortices in both groups. There were no significant differences between the RIs of corresponding regions of group 1 and group 2, except a significantly higher value of right deep gray matter in group 2 than in group 1(p=0.0301). The RIs of the superior frontal cortex and deep gray matter showed to be positively correlated with age (superior frontal cortex; right: rs=0.5254, p=0.0814, left : rs=0.5919, p=0.0496/deep gray matter; right: rs=0.8246, p=0.0062, left: rs=0.6266, p=0.0377). The results suggest that the rCBF pattern of children approaches that of adults in an accipito-rostral direction. This time course of rCBF changes is in agreement with behavioral, neurophysiological, and anatomical alterations known to occur in the developing brain.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2014

This study has analyzed the meaning of observation time in the course of acquiring the information of subjects who observed the space of hall in subway stations to figure out the process of spatial information excluded and the features of intensive searching. The followings are the results from the analysis of searching process with the interpretation of the process for information acquirement through the interpretation of observation area and time. First, based on the general definition of observation time, the reason for analyzing the features of acquiring spatial information according to the subjects' observation time has been established. The feature of decreased analysis data reflected that of observation time in the process of perceiving and recognizing spatial information, which showed that the observation was focused on the enter of the space during the time spent in the process of observing the space and the spent time with considerable exclusion of bottom end (in particular, right bottom end). Second, while the subjects were observing the space of hall in subway stations, they focused on the top of the left center and the signs on the right exit the most, which was followed by the focus on the both side horizontally and the clock on the top. Third, the analysis of consecutive observation frequency enabled the comparison of the changes to the observation concentration by area. The difference of time by area produced the data with which the change to the contents of spatial searching in the process of searching space could be known. Fourth, as the observation frequency in the area of I changed [three times -> six times -> 9 times], the observation time included in the area increased, which showed the process for the change from perception to recognition of information with the concentration of attention through visual information. It makes it possible to understand that more time was spent on the information to be acquired with the exclusion of the unnecessary information around.

• Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding right ventricular (RV) remodeling immediately after Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair. We sought to describe myocardial deformation by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) after TOF repair and investigate associations between these parameters and early post-operative outcomes. METHODS: Fifteen infants underwent CMR without sedation as part of a prospective pilot study after undergoing complete TOF repair, prior to hospital discharge. RV deformation (strain) was measured using tissue tracking, in addition to RV ejection fraction (EF), volumes, and pulmonary regurgitant fraction. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine associations between both strain and CMR measures/clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Most patients were male (11/15, 73%), with median age at TOF repair 53 days (interquartile range, 13,131). Most patients had pulmonary stenosis (vs. atresia) (11/15, 73%) and 7 (47%) received a transannular patch as part of their repair. RV function was overall preserved with mean RV EF of 62% (standard deviation [SD], 9.8). Peak radial and longitudinal strain were overall diminished (mean ± SD, 33.80 ± 18.30% and -15.50 ± 6.40%, respectively). Longer hospital length of stay after TOF repair was associated with worse RV peak radial ventricular strain (correlation coefficient (r), -0.54; p = 0.04). Greater pulmonary regurgitant fraction was associated with shorter time to peak radial RV strain (r = -0.55, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In this small study, our findings suggest presence of early decrease in RV strain after TOF repair and its association with hospital stay when changes in EF and RV size are not yet apparent.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.71 no.6
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• pp.464-469
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• 2011

Adalimumab is a full human monoclonal antibody that inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$). This has recently been shown to be effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, and other conditions. Sacoidosis is known to be the target for adalimumab but we describe a patient who has developed sarcoidosis with lung involvement during adalimumab therapy for RA. A 48-year-old woman, who was treated with adalimumab for 5 months, was admitted because of chronic cough and both hilar lymphadenopathy on chest radiography. Chest computed tomography revealed the enlargement of multiple lymph nodes in the right supraclavicular, subcarinal, both hilar and right axillary area. She was diagnosed with sarcoidosis based on the biopsy of supraclavicular lymph node, skin and lung through video-associated thoracoscopic surgery, which was non-caseating epitheloid cell granuloma and excluded from a similar disease. She was treated for sarcoidosis with prednisolone and methotrexate instead of adalimumab.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.585-590
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• 2006

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are abnormal direct communications between the pulmonary arteries and veins. PAVMs may occur as either an isolated abnormality or in association with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, also called Osler-Weber-Rendu disease. The topic of PAVM has recently been extensively reviewed, but little is known about the clinical characteristics and course of patients having a diffuse pattern of the disease. Herein, is reported a case of unilateral diffuse PAVM in an 18 year old female patient, who underwent a right pneumonectomy, under a video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) approach, as the diffuse small pulmonary arteriovenous malformation involved the whole right lung.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.120-126
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• 2013

Objectives: This study sought to elucidate the effect of autogenous tooth bone material by experimenting on minipig's maxillary sinus and performing histological and histomorphometric analyses. Materials and Methods: Five 18-24 month-old male minipigs were selected, and right maxillary sinuses were grafted with bone graft material made of their respective autogenous teeth extracted eight weeks earlier. The left sides were grafted with synthetic hydroxyapatite as control groups. All minipigs were sacrificed at 12 weeks after bone graft, which was known to be 1 sigma (${\sigma}$) period for pigs. Specimens were evaluated histologically under a light microscope after haematoxylin-eosin staining followed by semi-quantitative study via histomorphometric analysis. The ratio of new bone to total area was evaluated using digital software for calculation of area. Results: All specimens were available, except one on the right side (experimental group), which was missing during specimen preparation. This study demonstrated new bone at the periphery of the existing bone in both groups, showing evidence of bone remodeling, however, encroachment of new bone on the central part of the graft at the 1 ${\sigma}$ period was observed only in the autogenous tooth bone group (experimental group). Histomorphometric analysis showed more new bone formation in the experimental group compared to the control group. Although the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05), the mean percentage area for new bone for the experimental and control groups were $57.19%{\pm}11.16%$ and $34.07%{\pm}13.09%$, respectively. Conclusion: The novel bone graft material using autogenous tooth is a good alternative to autogenous bone, comparable to autogenous bone, and outperforming synthetic hydroxyapatite bone graft materials in terms of bone regeneration capacity. Augmentation with autogenous tooth bone materials will reduce donor site morbidity without hampering the safety of the autogenous bone graft.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.18
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• pp.123-134
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• 2004

The aim on this paper is to explain the present state and circumstance in the course of arranging historic classical books in China. In order to approach its purpose, it should make it clear to define the word of "The present"(當代). Furthermore, we need to take a deep notice on the arrangements itself of historic classical books, its influences and contributions, reflecting this process carefully with those historical, cultual and social points of view due to the meaning of "The present" in China. Starting from this considerate view, first of all, I would like to determine the accurate time of "The present" to be the period of time from October, 1949 to December, 2003. It can be described very suitably well as "bamboo sprouts grow fast after a rainfall"(雨後春荀). This tremendous works in the arrangements of Classics have gone through sweets and bitters of times during 50 and several years. However, this work in process has overcome so much troubles and exclude obstacles in doing so, gradually begun to bear tasteful fruit of many publications, about 10,000 works so far. Although it has gone far with very little amount of works in comparison with the remains that would be put in order in the incoming future, it succeed effectively to the spirit and soul in Chinese culture and people. Illuminating the development in its historical steps and analyzing elaborately flows in cultural and ideal elements, it is known that this work of arrangements not only give a very firm basis for excellent Chinese cultural tradition, but also extend high level of idea and thoughts in their thoughts so that build up the spirit in socialism on the solid foundation. This paper will give a explanation and analysis on this works and its contributions. At the same time, it examine and give a good, careful, and close look on the arrangement of historic classical books in China by various means of classifying into various types and style, searching for many methods, and showing indication and directions that might be right in "the present".

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.164-167
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• 2008

Frozen shoulder is known to be a self-limited disease, and it is associated with chronic pain and limitation of joint movement. Although its etiology is still unknown, frozen shoulder is associated with several diseases. The diagnosis is made based on the medical history, the clinical and radiological examinations and exclusion of other shoulder pathologies. The skeleton is one of the most common sites of metastasis in patients with lung cancer. It has been reported that the incidence of bone metastases in lung cancer patients is approximately 30-40%, and the median survival time of patients with such metastases is 6-7 months. We experienced a case of a 77-year-old female patient who complained of right shoulder pain and limited joint mobility, and these symptoms were due to metastatic lung cancer in the shoulder.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.240-249
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• 2022

Background: Widespread pain partially depends upon sensitization of central pain mechanisms. However, mechanisms controlling pain distribution are not completely known. The present study sought to assess skin temperature variations in the area of experimentally-induced pain and potential sex differences. Methods: Pressure-pain thresholds (PPTs) were measured on the right infraspinatus muscle. At the end of Day 0, all participants performed an eccentric exercise of the shoulder external rotators to induce muscle soreness 24 hours after. On Day 1, participants indicated on a body chart the area of pain induced by 60 seconds of suprathreshold pressure stimulation (STPS; PPT + 20%) on the right infraspinatus muscle. Skin temperature variations in the area of referred pain were recorded with an infrared thermography camera, immediately before and after the STPS. Results: Twenty healthy, pain-free individuals (10 females) participated. On Day 0, the pre-STPS temperature was higher than the post-STPS temperature on the arm (P = 0.001) and forearm (P = 0.003). On Day 1, the pre-STPS temperature was higher than the post-STPS temperature on the shoulder (P = 0.015), arm (P = 0.001), and forearm (P = 0.010). On Day 0, the temperature decrease after STPS in females was greater than in males on the forearm (P = 0.039). On Day 1, a greater temperature decrease was found amongst females compared with males at the shoulder (P = 0.018), arm (P = 0.046), and forearm (P = 0.005). Conclusions: These findings indicate that sympathetic vasomotor responses contribute to expand pressure-induced referred pain, especially among females.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.388-395
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of occlusal stability to identify action mechanisms of mouthguards, known to have a modulatory effect on limb muscle function. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study included 20 male subjects to perform the isokinetic muscle tests and the Wingate anaerobic power test on both knee joints under five closed-mouth conditions: without or with 4 types of mouthguards with thickness of 2 mm based on premolar area: (1) full-coverage, (2) anterior partial-coverage, (3) right posterior partial-coverage, and (4) left posterior partial-coverage. The obtained results were subjected to One-way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by post hoc test of the contrast method (${\alpha}$=.05). RESULTS. There was no significant difference between the closed position with and without a full-coverage mouthguard in all variables. However, significant differences were observed between with and without a partial-coverage mouthguard in muscular endurance during extension of the left knee, muscular power and endurance during flexion of the right knee. Additionally, significant differences were found between occlusal states with full- and partial-coverage mouthguards in muscular power and endurance during extension of the left knee. CONCLUSION. These findings indicate the elevation of vertical dimension by 2 mm or the inducement of occlusal stability had little effect on isokinetic muscle strength and anaerobic performance, while uneven distribution of occlusal force might have some positive effects.