• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.514-519
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• 2011

Takju was manufactured using 150 g Rosa rugosa Thunb. (Haedanghwa) and two different preparations of 3,000 g each of cooked and uncooked rice. Nuruk (150 g) and yeast (60 g) were inoculated into both mixtures for fermentation, and physiochemical changes were investigated during 14 days of fermentation. The final brix value, pH, and ethanol concentration of Haedanghwa (uncooked rice Takju) were $13.0^{\circ}$Bx, 4.3, and 11.8%, respectively, whereas those of Haedanghwa (cooked rice Takju) were $14.0^{\circ}$Bx, 4.6, and 14.4%, respectively. Lactic and acetic acid levels in Haedanghwa (uncooked rice Takju) were significantly higher than those in Haedanghwa (cooked rice Takju) (p<0.05). The level of ${\gamma}$-amino-n-butyric acid in Haedanghwa Takju (uncooked rice) was twice than that of Haedanghwa Takju (cooked rice). Our results demonstrate that the use of uncooked rice in the preparation of Takju may help improve the taste and function of the final product.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.109-113
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• 2002

To develop a new traditional liquor by using chamomile, the condition of alcohol fermentation was investigated by the addition of 5%, 10%, 15% nuruk, and 20% chamomile into mash. The maximum amount of ethanol was produced when 20% chamomile and 15% nuruk were added to cooked rice and fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae at $25^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. The acceptability and physiological functionalities of chamomile liquors with different concentrations $(1{\sim}20%)$ of chamomile were compared. The C-5 chamomile liquor which was prepared by adding 5% chamomile into mash showed the best acceptability in the sensory evaluation test and color test, and its fibrinolytic activity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and nitrite scavenging activity were good.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 1995

The distribution of lactic acid bacteria and total bacteria in 27 samples of Nuruk (traditional Korean rice wine starter) were investigated, and lactic acid bacteria isolated from those samples were identified. The average number of lactic acid bacteria and total bacteria were $2,11{\times}10^7$ and $2.08{\times}10^8\;cfu/g$, respectively. There was no appreciable differences in the number of lactic acid bacteria among those samples, meanwhile the number of total bacteria varied significantly from sample to sample. Among the lactic acid bacteria, more cocci were counted than rods in those samples. Thirty-two strains of lactic acid bacteria obtained from those samples were identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides (11 strains), Pediococcus acidilactici (7 strains), Lactobacillus plantarum (3 strains), L. murinus (7 strains) and Enterococcus faecium (4 strains).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.371-377
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• 2001

Li was a sweet beverage containing $2{\sim}3$ percents ethyl alcohol made from malt by spontaneous fermentation from ancient custom to fifteenth century. Li was changed to the rice wine being a sweet beverage of low alcohol content using nuruk as starter and the sikhae which is non-alcoholic fermented beverage. Li was made for drinking and ceremony in Korea, China and Japan. It disappeared from the beverage items along with its method of manufacture from malt, but in Korean had made Li using nuruk until recent. We made Li according to Book of Imwon-Keongjae Ji (The book of country economy) methods for reappearance of Li. Fermentation characteristics for the production of Li with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus and Saccharomyces sake were investigated. Among the yeast strains tested, Li fermented with S. sake showed higher alcohol production. Total sugar decreased considerably during the whole period of fermentation(30 hours), while ethyl alcohol content increased at $2.98{\sim}3.52%$. As the fermentation progressed, the pH decreased until the 30 hours of fermentation, while total acid increased during the same period. In fermentation of 36 hours, Li consisted of about $2.98{\sim}3.52%$ of alcohol content, $5.3{\sim}6.0%$ of total sugar, $1.45{\sim}2.21mg%$ of reducing sugar and total acidity were reached up to $24.4{\sim}29.5mg%$ for Li manufactured with S. cerevisiea sake, S. bayanus and S. sake.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.239-246
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• 2005

Some characteristics of two forms of glucoamylase (glucan 1 A-$\alpha$-glucosidase, EC 3. 2. I. 3) purified from Aspergillus coreanus NR 15-1 were investigated. The enzymes were produced on a solid, uncooked wheat bran medium of A. coreanus NR 15-1 isolated from traditional Korean Nuruk. Two forms of glucoamylase, GA-I and GA-II, were purified to homogenity after 5.8-fold and 9.6-fold purification, respectively, judged by disc- and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular mass of GA-I and GA-II were estimated to be 62 kDa and 90 kDa by Sephadex G-1OO gel filtration, and 64 kDa and 91 kDa by SDS-polyacrylarnide gel electrophoresis, respectively. The optimum temperatures of GA-I and GA-II were 60$^circ$C and 65$^circ$C, respectively, and the optimum pH was 4.0. The activation energy (Ea value) of GA-I and GA-II was 11.66 kcal/mol and 12.09 kcal/mol, respectively, and the apparent Michaelis constants (K_{m}) of GA-I and GA-II for soluble starch were found to be 3.57 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively. Both enzymes were activated by 1 mM Mn^{2+} and Cu^{2+}, but were completely inhibited by 1 mM N­bromosuccinimide. The GA-II was weakly inhibited by 1 mM p-CMB, dithiothreitol, EDTA, and pyridoxal 5-phosphate, but GA-I was not inhibited by those compounds. Both enzymes had significant ability to digest raw wheat starch and raw rice starch, and hydrolysis rates of raw wheat starch by GA-I and GA-II were 7.8- and 7.3-fold higher than with soluble starch, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2018

Microbial communities of four commercial Korean nuruks were analyzed by the 454 pyrosequencing method to correlate different characteristics of rice wine fermentation. The total and average sequencing reads of fungi in the four nuruks were 14,800 and 3,494, respectively. At the phylum level, Ascomycota was dominant in three nuruks, namely, SH, SS, and JJ, while Zygomycota was dominant in SJ. Saccharomycopsis was dominant in nuruks subjected to longer fermentation periods, such as SH and SS. The total and average sequence reads for bacteria were 31,485 and 7,871, respectively. Bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes were dominant in all samples. SH showed several genera of lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and other minor bacteria. Staphylococcus and Bacillus were the dominant bacteria in JJ and SJ, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.367-371
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• 2000

In order to develop a Korean traditional liquor using dandelion, alcohol fermentation condition was investigated. Etha-nol was produced maximally when 10% dandelion and 5% nuruk were added in cooked rice and fermented by S. cerevisiae at $25^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. The taste and nutraceutical properties of dandelion liquor with different concentra-tions(1%, 5%, 10%) of dandelion petal were compared. The dandelion-petal liquors which was brewed by addition of 1% dandelion petals into mash showed the best acceptability and its angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity was also high.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1264-1269
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• 2015

To evaluate the functional effect of ornithine produced by isolated lactic acid bacteria, we examined the anti-lipid accumulation effect of ornithine produced by isolate lactic acid bacteria on 3T3-L1 cells. Lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus strain) were isolated from nuruk, which is made from wheat, rice, and barley (whole grain, grits, or flour) by fermenting microorganisms (Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and yeasts). Pediococcus strain was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing analyses, and cells were collected by centrifugation and developed as an ornithine starter. makgeolli, an ornithine-containing Korean traditional alcoholic beverage, was made with isolated lactic acid bacteria and arginine. makgeolli was made with the help of ornithine starter using a makgeolli making kit. We evaluated the anti-proliferation effect of ornithine makgeolli on 3T3-L1 cells. To determine the anti-proliferation effect of ornithine makgeolli on preadipocytes, lipid droplets were quantified and stained with Oil Red O. makgeolli made with ornithine starter and arginine showed a 3-fold higher concentration of ornithine compared to makgeolli without starter and arginine. In the results of 3T3-L1 cell line experiment, lipid accumulation was significantly reduced by adding 0.05 mg/mL of ornithine makgeolli compare to the control (adipocyte without sample). In conclusion, ornithine makgeolli containing ornithine starter isolated from nuruk showed an anti-lipid accumulation effect with increased ornithine content without toxicity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.637-645
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of fermentation and quality of Cheongju prepared by mashing using rice Nuruk inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae. Mashes were prepared by fermentation for 30-50 days using different amounts of fermenting agent, brewing water, milling ratios and fermenting temperatures. Adding fermenting agent at 15% resulted in slow fermentation, but a final alcohol content of 17% (v/v), similar to other samples tested. Addition of higher amounts of Nuruk resulted in increased amounts of citric acid, tartaric acid and malic acid, but low levels of succinic acid. Incomplete fermentation occurred when the ratio of brewing water was low, but the alcohol content (17%) of all samples was similar. When the amount of brewing water was high, the organic acid was levels were high. The speed of saccharification and fermentation was low when fermentation was conducted at $10^{\circ}C$, but the final alcohol content was the highest at this temperature. However, the content of n-propanol, isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol and organic acid was low at low temperature. At this time, the content of citric acid and malic acid was low, but the content of succinic acid was high. A higher milling degree resulted in a lower content of alcohol, organic acid and higher alcohols, with 10% milling resulting in a significantly higher content than the other samples.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.407-412
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• 2014

A number of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera strains that can hydrolyse and utilize starch as a carbon source were isolated from nuruk, a traditional Korean starter for rice wine fermentation, and their specific growth rates on starch-containing medium were compared to choose the prominent strain. S. fibuligera strain MBY1320 showed a higher growth rate at $42^{\circ}C$ than that of strain S. fibuligera KCTC7806, indicating that S. fibuligera MBY1320 has more thermo-tolerant machinery for starch hydrolysis and utilization than KCTC7806. Although the activity of ${\alpha}$-amylase at $30^{\circ}C$ was significantly lower for S. fibuligera MBY1320 than KCTC7806 (3,812.5 U vs. 14,878.5 U), S. fibuligera MBY1320 showed a much higher glucoamylase activity at $42^{\circ}C$ than S. fibuligera KCTC7806 (5,048.9 U vs. 13,152.3 U). Thus, a new S. fibuligera strain, with a higher starch-hydrolysing activity at elevated temperatures than that of other types of strain, this study reports.