• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.299-303
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• 1999

충청북도 일대에서 화학비료와 농약을 사용하는 일반적인 경작논(이하 일반논), 화학비료, 퇴비를 사용하지만 농약을 사용하지 않는 논(이하 무농약논), 농약과 화학비료를 사용하지 않고 논에 오리를 사육하는 논(이하 오리논), 농약과 화학비료를 사용하지 않고 논에 열대산 우렁이를 사육하는 논(이하 우렁이논)에 대해 에너지 분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 에너지 효율은 오리논(1.8)이 가장 높고 우렁이논(1.5), 일반논(1.0), 무농약논(0.5)의 순서이다. 생산량에 비해 상대적으로 재생 불가능한 에너지는 일반논과 무농약논이 오리논과 우렁이논보다 2-3배 많이 사용하였고 재생가능한 에너지는 무농약논이 가장 많이 사용하였다. 무농약논은 비료, 퇴비를 과도하게 사용하여 에너지 효율이 낮아졌다. 무농약 재배를 위한 과도한 영양분의 투입은 에너지 측면에서 비효율적일 수 있음을 보여주었다. 논에 동물을 사용하는 방식은 재생불가능한 에너지 투입을 줄일 수 있어서 다른 방식에 비해 친환경적이었다. 하지만 보다 환경적이고 지속가능하기 위해서는 재생 불가능한 에너지를 더 줄일 수 있는 방안에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.551-561
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• 2021

Background and objective: Vietnam is prioritizing agricultural production for food export capacity in all national policies. As a result, for three decades, its agriculture has been making quite many remarkable achievements. Methods: The most successful one is that the nation has become one of the world's leading rice exporters and ensures its national food security. Through these endeavors, the Mekong River Delta (MRD), in particular, has emerged as a key region in ensuring national food security and rice export. Results: The new era can now see Vietnamese agriculture turning to place special emphasis on commodity quality and the improvement of the living environment. This is evidenced, for example, by the phenomenon that the MRD, as a rice basket of the whole country, is making moves back to nature-based agriculture with attempts to restore the natural ecology, including preserving and restoring local traditional rice seeds, adopting natural farming practices and minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Conclusion: The case studies of nature-based farming practices in the MRD indicate that, while the national agriculture is generally developing large-scale production, the small-scale farming in the region, integrated with tourist and educational activities on-site, is meeting the demands of a highly potential domestic niche market. Moreover, this model appears to be a sustainable farming approach that defines itself as a working green livelihood for the region.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품저장유통학회 2003년도 제23차 추계총회 및 국제학술심포지움
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• pp.51-70
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• 2003

In recent years, Korean rice must compete with the rice of advanced countries under Doha Development Agenda(DDA) and free Trade Agreement(FTA). Therefore we should find more active and positive solution in rice industry according to the inncreasing power of international pressure. Increasing rice production was the most important policy during the past food-deficient days, but recently, with overproduction of rice, various circulation system by the brand(price)-differentiation should be settled in a recent market of Korea. Nowadays, some advanced rice farmers and Rice Processing Complex(RPC) managers developed new brands of rice with high-quality, adding healthy materials and environment-friendly farming methods. Therefore, the future strategy of making a new brand rice should be planned including selection of rice variety, cultural and post-harvest techniques, circulation and processing methods to compete against foreign rice. And environment-friendly farming is also recommendable for food safety and differentiate from imported rice. For the purpose of successful brand-rice, the following points might be considered. Firstly, selection of good quality rice and continual development of good variety must be conducted for the differentiation of Korean rice from foreign rice. Secondly, a special contract between producer and consumer with functional-rice, organic filming-rice, specific-rice will be recommendable. Thirdly, improvement of post-harvest management and milling system are necessary for the production of differentiated-rice. Fortunately, standard of inspection, rules of description for brand-rice must be developed by a more scientific examination in order to settlement of trust for consumer. Finally, provincial or regional-representative brand rice must be settled and conducted for the development of agreement market system between producer and consumer.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.357-371
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• 1996

An assessment of the field performance of machines for varied farming conditions may be essential to the development of mechanization program and rational machinery management. The field performance of machines is largely affected by the field capacity of machinery selected, physical size and shape of field plots and their scatterness, farming functions and conditions, and labor requirement and constraints. The study was to develop the mathematical model for the field performance of machines and time requirement of the rice farming systems, considering those factors which affect the field performance of machines. The mathematical models developed were simulated to determine field efficiency and capacity of the different sizes of major machinery for a various size of paddy field plot and for prevailing conditions of farming operations. The effects of the sises of machinery and the plot geometry on the efficiency and field capacity were compared for major rice farming functions.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2000

This experiments was carried out to find the effect of different organic farming types, the Duck-pasture plot, the Pond-snail pasture plot andd control of the conventionalculture plot farming on the yield and its components of paddy rice. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Plant height an Tillering were significantly increase in the Duck-pasture plot. Panicle number pr hill, NO. of grain per spike and 1,000grain weight were significantly increase in the conventional culture plot. Yield pre 10a were 574.13kg at pond-snail pasture plot, 576.81kg at Duck-pasture plot and 579.04kg at conventional culture plot. From these results, it seems that the organic farming are useful and pasture of the Duck, Pond-snail for depression of the weed occurrence or increase of yield per 10a is effective as the environmental perservation farming.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2010

여름과 가을의 논과 밭 토양의 토양성분과 메탄 생성, 메탄 생성세균의 분포, 그리고 메탄생성세균의 군집구조를 조사하였다. 토양성분을 분석한 결과, 전체적으로 계절에 따라 큰 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 메탄생성세균의 분포조사에서 밭 토양보다 유기농법과 무농약농법을 사용하는 논 토양에 메탄생성세균이 더 많이 존재하였고, 수소와 포름산을 이용하는 메탄생성세균에 비해 아세트산을 이용하는 메탄생성세균 수는 상대적으로 적은 것으로 확인되었다. 메탄생성 실험에서 아세트산을 첨가한 경우 배양 2주까지 메탄생성이 증가되었고, 포름산과 수소를 첨가한 경우 배양 7주까지 메탄생성 양이 증가되었다. mcrA 유전자를 이용한 계통학적 분석에서 논에는 다양한 메탄 생성세균의 cluster가 분포하는 반면, 밭에는 일부 cluster에 집중되어 분포함을 확인하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.374-380
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• 2014

To estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, the inventory of rice cultivation at the farming without agricultural chemicals was established from farmers in Gunsan, Jeonbuk province in 2011~2012. The objectives of this study were to calculate carbon footprint and analyse the major factor of GHGs. To do this, we carried out a sensitivity analysis using the analyzed main factors of GHGs and estimated the mitigation potential of GHGs. Also we suggested agricultural methods to reduce GHGs that can be appled by farmers at this region. At the farming system without agricultural chemicals, carbon footprint of rice production unit of 1 kg was 2.15 kg $CO_2.-eq.kg^{-1}$. Although the amount of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) emission was the largest among GHGs, methane ($CH_4$) emission had the highest contribution to carbon footprint on rice production system when it was converted to carbon dioxide equivalent ($CO_2-eq.$) multiplied by the global warming potential (GWP). Main source of $CO_2$ emission in the rice farming system without agricultural chemicals was combustion of fossil fuels used by agricultural machinery. Most of the $CH_4$ was emitted during rice cultivation practice and its major emission factor was flooded paddy field in anaerobic condition. Also, most of the $N_2O$ was emitted from rice cultivation process. Major sources of the $N_2O$ emission was application of fertilizer such as compound fertilizer. As a result of sensitivity analysis in energy consumption, diesel had the highest sensitivity among the energy inputs. With the reduction of diesel consumption by 10%, it was estimated that $CO_2$ potential reduction was about 2.0%. With reducing application rate of compound fertilizer by 10%, the potential reduction was calculated that $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ could be reduced by 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively. At the condition of 10% reduction of silicate and compost, $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ could be reduced by 1.5% and 1.6%, respectively. With 8 days more drainage than the ordinary practice, $CH_4$ emission could be reduced by about 4.5%. Drainage and diesel consumption were the main sources having the largest effect on the GHG reduction at the farming system without agricultural chemicals. Based on the above results, we suggest that no-tillage and midsummer drainage could be a method to decrease GHG emissions from rice production system.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.286-294
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• 2020

본 연구는 복합생태농업을 수행하고 있는 유기농 논에서 제공하는 쌀 생산 및 다양한 생태계서비스를 경제적으로 평가하고자 하였다. 또한 복합생태농업을 위한 유기논의 구조에 따른 경제성을 평가하여 쌀 생산 농가의 소득증대와 생태계서비스 증진을 위한 안정적인 구조를 찾고자 수행하였다. 복합생태계 농업 유형에 따른 생태계서비스 기능별 기대효과 분석결과, 일반 관행논은 양서파충류, 수서곤충, 조류서식처, 체험/생태교육, 식생다양성 등 생물다양성이 지속적으로 낮아지는 영향을 미칠 것으로 평가되었다. 반면 유기 논습지 및 복합생태 논습지의 생물다양성은 높아지는 것으로 평가되었다. 경제적 가치를 평가한 결과, 일반 관행 논습지와 유기 논습지에 비해 어류 생산을 위한 둠벙의 면적이 증가할수록 쌀 생산량은 줄어드나 어류의 생산량은 증가하여 총 소득은 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 더불어 향후 생태계서비스 기능 가치를 평가한다면 더욱 증가 할 것으로 판단되어진다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 활용하여 쌀 산업의 공급과잉 문제해결, 안전적인 농가 소득보전, 지속 가능한 농업, 생태계서비스 기능 향상을 위한 기초자료로 활용되길 기대한다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 2012

2011년 전북 군산과 익산 지역의 관행농, 무농약, 유기농 농가를 대상으로 영농방법별로 쌀 생산 과정 중 투입 배출되는 물질 목록을 면접조사하여 전과정평가를 수행하고 쌀 생산체계에 대한 영농방법별 환경영향을 평가하고 탄소배출량을 비교 분석하였다. 전과정 목록분석 결과 $CO_2$ 배출은 화학비료 생산과 벼 재배단계에서 가장 많았고, $CH_4$과 $N_2O$ 배출은 대부분 벼 재배 중에 발생되었다. 쌀 (조곡) 1 kg 생산을 기준으로 하는 탄소성적은 관행농이 1.01E+00 $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$로 가장 높았고, 무농약이 5.37E-01 $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$, 유기농법이 6.58E-01 $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$였다. 농자재 투입량이 가장 적었던 무농약 쌀 생산에서 탄소성적이 가장 낮았고, 생산량은 가장 적었지만 복비투입이 없었던 유기농이 관행농보다 탄소성적이 낮았다. 관행농과 무농약 쌀 생산체계에서 온실가스 배출 주요 요인은 복비생산과 벼 재배 중 $CH_4$ 발생이었고, 유기농에서는 벼 재배 중 농기계 연료사용과 논토양 $CH_4$ 발생이었다. 그러므로 온실가스 감축을 위한 영농방법 활용으로 복합비료 적정량 사용을 위한 맞춤형 비료의 권장 및 벼논 물관리에 의한 메탄발생 저감방법 등을 제안하며, 더불어 유기농법에서는 수확량 향상을 위한 생산 효율성 증대와, 벼 재배 단계에서 농기계 연료 효율성 증대 활용에 관한 연구가 요구되었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.251-266
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• 2006

This study was surveyed and analyzed in 2005 year for environmentally-friendly rice's production 78 farmers in korea. The major results was as follows: The average age of farmers were 54 years old, the experiences of environmentally-friendly rice's production farms was 7.4 years, the cultivated scales of environmentally-friendly rice's production was 3.4ha. The 74%'s Farmers of all unified rice's breeds for rice's production of high-grade in quality, the ranking of rice's breeds selection were the high-grade rice's breeds of government>japan rice's breeds. The control of damage by blight and insects were needed environmentally-friendly control, the endured study of this control were very important. To cut down cost of the environmentally-friendly rice for income security of farmers and sustenance of farming will. To receive reasonable price of environmentally-friendly rice, the brand image were raised to consumers, the variety and miniaturization of rice packaging unit were needed in view of consumers. In addition to must be campaigns of publicity through the press and event to consumers, were managed the exchange of rice goods and exchanged e-mail together consumers for the maintenance of confidence. To drive direct marketing between environmentally-friendly rice farmers and consumers through experiential marketing, to diversify the marketing channel. To strengthen public relations at regional level and relationship at the consumers.