• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제21_24호
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• pp.90-110
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• 1992

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the intonation features of the last two syllables of rhythmic units, with the exception of the sentence final unit, in the Seoul dialect of Korean. The Model 5500 Sona-graph was used to measure the pitch and duration of the target syllables. There are two classes of materials. One class was designed to determine the intonation of rhythmic units in a natural situation and the other to investigate the intonation of rhythmic units in an artificial situation, in which speakers were asked to read the materials pausing only at the marked boundaries, with a view to identifying the intonation of Seoul dialect more clearly. The findings of this investigation are as follows: (1) Korean averages an 11% rising intonation between the two syllables at the end of a rhythmic unit. (2) The rising rate between the final two syllables' pitch values at the subject rhythmic unit is generally higher than those at other units in a sentence and it seems to be meaningful syntactically. (3) Before a boundary the rhythmic units undergo 'pre-lowering', in which the pitch gradually lowers from the first syllable to the penultimate. (4) Every syllable in each rhythmic unit tends to lengthen when speakers read the materials with a pause between units and the tendency is most salient at the final syllable before a boundary.

• 음성과학
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• 제6권
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• pp.83-101
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• 1999

The aim of this study is to provide a learning method of prosodic rhythm for Taegu North Kyungsang Korean speakers to learn French rhythm more effectively. The rhythmic properties of spoken French and Taegu North Kyungsang Korean dialect are different from each other. Therefore, we try to provide a basic rhythmic model of the two languages by dividing into three parts: syllable, rhythmic unit and accent, and intonation. To do so, we recorded French of Taegu Kyungsang Korean speakers, and then analysed and compared the rhythmic properties of Korean and French by spectrograph. We tried to find rhythmic mistakes in their French pronunciation, and then established a learning model to modify them. After training with the CSL Macro learning model, we observed the output result. However, although learners understand the method we have proposed, an effective method which is possible by repeating practice must be arranged to be actually used in direct verbal communications in a well-developed learning programme. Hence, this study may play an important role at the level of preparation in the setting of an effective rhythmic learning programme.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.224-228
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• 1996

This paper is intended as a study on how an utterance is divided into rhythmic units in Standard Korean with respect to its syntactic structure. With respect to the data in this study I used 150 sentences which contained similar number of words and various syntactic structures. Those sentences were read by 7 speakers of Seoul dialect in a conversation style. Each sentence was read twice in a normal speed and twice in a fast speed. As a total, 4200 sentences were recorded. Then listening to them, the author marked the sentences with two kinds of boundaries i.e. strong and weak. To explore the relationship between rhythmic units and syntactic structure I devised a framework of grammatical symbols. Each symbol is designed to have both syntactic and morphological information at the same time. So I assigned those grammatical symbols to the sentences. Having sentences marked with grammatical symbols on the one hand, and with the rhythmic boundaries on the other hand, 1 could show the relationship between rhythmic units and syntactic structure; which syntactic structures are likely to be pronounced as one rhythmic unit, and which are on the rhythmic boundaries.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제25_26호
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• pp.52-64
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• 1993

This paper aims to explore the rhythmic phenomena of standard Korean by an experimental phonetic method. A total of 16 informants taking part in this experiment were divided into four groups : old males(OM) and old females(OF) in their fifties and young males(YM) and young females(YF) in their twenties. The informants were asked to read speech data consisting of two rhythmic units, each of which began with a stressed syllable with a long wowel. Starting with the frame / 'ma:1 'ma:nta /, the first rhythmic unit was expanded up to five syllables in all while keeping the second rhythmic unit constant with a view to investigate the pattern of increase in the interstress time interval. The results of this study are as follows: 1. There is a considerable difference between yen and old generations with respect to the duration of interstress interval . The young generation tends to speak faster than the old generation. This observation is supported by difference in the interstress intervals as exhibited by OM(389.66), OF(473), YM(275.55), YF(285.83) in the test frame '말 많다' ['ma:1 'ma:nta]. 2. Young and old generations showed a different tendency in the increase rate of duration between mono-syllables and polysyllables. In other words, the rhythm of young generation shows the tendency of syllable-timed language whereas that of old generation clearly leans towards the stressed-timed language.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 1999년도 학술발표대회 논문집 제18권 2호
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• pp.387-390
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• 1999

This study Is on the experimental explanation of Intonation of news sentences with focus on the Korean noun phrase, pronounced by announcers. For this, with a basic form as $'{\_}case particle\;+\;{\_}adnominal ending\;+\;Noun'$ which is a common structure in these sentences, we classified NPs according to the added constituents and examined their intonation. And with examining the connection or the breaking of intonation patterns, we described the relation between neighbouring words which build 'a rhythmic unit'.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.141-149
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• 2009

An emphasis on teaching suprasegmental features of English, specifically English rhythm, is essential in order to improve the 'intelligibility' of the pronunciation of Korean EFL learners among interlocutors who use English as a Lingua Franca(ELF). By redefining the ELF suggested by Jenkins (2000, 2002), this paper argues that Lingua Franca Core (LFC) must include suprasegmental features such as 'stress-based rhythm' and word stress. However, because 'isochrony' is difficult to measure in a foot, the rhythm unit must be expanded to an intonational phrase which has prominence in it and the rhythm of the unit can be measured by calculating the duration of each segment in context The rhythmic pattern of Korean learners of English and that of native speakers or other non-native English speakers can then be calculated and compared by using correlation coefficients of the segmental duration. In terms of sociolinguistic factors, improving the 'comprehensibility' and 'accentedness' of Korean EFL learners' pronunciation is also important in international communication, which calls for more emphasis on suprasegmental features.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2000년도 7월 학술대회지
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• pp.117-134
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• 2000

Kim, Key-Seop(2000). English Restructuring and A Use of Music in Teaching English Pronunciation. JSEP 2000 voU This study has two-fold aims: one is to clarify the restructuring of English in utterance, and the other is to relate it to teaching English pronunciation for listening and speaking with a use of music and song by suggesting a model of 10-15 minute pronunciation class syllabus for every period in class. Generally, English utterances are restructured by stress-timed rhythm, irrespective of syntactic boundaries. So the rhythmic units are arranged in isochronous groups, of which the making is to attach clitic(s) to a host or head often leftwards and sometimes rightwards, which results in linking, contraction, reduction, sound change and rhythm adjustment in utterance, just as in music and song. With English restructuring focused on, a model of English pronunciation class syllabus is proposed to be put forward in class for every period of a lesson or unit. It tries to relate the focused factor(s) in pronunciation to the integrated, with teaching techniques and music made use of.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.32-42
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• 2002

한국 서해 천수만 조간대 퇴적체는 약 20m 두께에 달하며, 지난 빙하기동안 노출되어 형성된 부정합면을 경계로 상위의 현세 조간대 퇴적층(Unit M1)과 하위의 후기 플라이스토세 간월도층(Unit M2)으로 구성된다. 퇴적단위 M1은 간월도층을 하부층으로하는 부정합면 위로 니질의 상부 조간대층과 사니질 또는 니사질의 혼합 조간대층이 순차적으로 발달하는 상향조립화의 해침층서를 갖는다. 퇴적단위 M2 퇴적층은 그 두께가 약 14 m에 이르며, 퇴적후 노출에 의한 풍화의 정도에 따라 상부 산화대층과 하부의 비산화대층으로 구분된다. 전반적으로 퇴적물은 니질 또는 사니질 입자로 구성되며, 조수 리듬 퇴적구조, 플라저층리, 엽층리, 게 구멍 화석, 천해성 와편모조류 등과 같은 조수퇴적 기원의 증거들을 함유하고 있다. 이러한 결과들은 퇴적단위 M2의 간월도 퇴적층이 상대적으로 해수면이 높았던 선현세 간빙기 동안 퇴적된 조간대 퇴적층임을 지시한다. 한편, 퇴적단위 M2의 상부 3${\sim}$4 m는 퇴적 후 초기현세까지 계속되는 저해수면 동안 대기중에 노출되어 풍화 및 산화작용으로 인하여 퇴적물의 특성이 변질된 층으로 해석되며, 이는 서해 연안 퇴적층에서 현세와 선현세를 구분해주는 뚜렷한 층서적 건층으로 제시된다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2014

$Ca^{2+}$ release from intracellular stores and influx from extracellular reservoir regulate a wide range of physiological functions including muscle contraction and rhythmic heartbeat. One of the most ubiquitous pathways involved in controlled $Ca^{2+}$ influx into cells is store-operated $Ca^{2+}$ entry (SOCE), which is activated by the reduction of $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in the lumen of endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). Although SOCE is pronounced in non-excitable cells, accumulating evidences highlight its presence and important roles in skeletal muscle and heart. Recent discovery of STIM proteins as ER/SR $Ca^{2+}$ sensors and Orai proteins as $Ca^{2+}$ channel pore forming unit expedited the mechanistic understanding of this pathway. This review focuses on current advances of SOCE components, regulation and physiologic and pathophysiologic roles in muscles. The specific property and the dysfunction of this pathway in muscle diseases, and new directions for future research in this rapidly growing field are discussed.

• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국언어정보학회 2007년도 정기학술대회
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• pp.405-414
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• 2007

This paper describes a preliminary work on prosody modeling aspect of a text-to-speech system for Thai. Specifically, the model is designed to predict symbolic markers from text (i.e., prosodic phrase boundaries, accent, and intonation boundaries), and then using these markers to generate pitch, intensity, and durational patterns for the synthesis module of the system. In this paper, a novel method for annotating the prosodic structure of Thai sentences based on dependency representation of syntax is presented. The goal of the annotation process is to predict from text the rhythm of the input sentence when spoken according to its intended meaning. The encoding of the prosodic structure is established by minimizing speech disrhythmy while maintaining the congruency with syntax. That is, each word in the sentence is assigned a prosodic feature called strength dynamic which is based on the dependency representation of syntax. The strength dynamics assigned are then used to obtain rhythmic groupings in terms of a phonological unit called foot. Finally, the foot structure is used to predict the durational pattern of the input sentence. The aforementioned process has been tested on a set of ambiguous sentences, which represents various structural ambiguities involving five types of compounds in Thai.