• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.169-173
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• 1997

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea usually occurs as a result of trauma including operation. Unheated CSF rhinorrhea may induce major morbidity such as meningitis and brain abscess, etc. This paper presents a review of four cases of traumatic CSF rhinorrhea Sites of CSF leakage were easily found out by intrathecal fluorescent dye injection. Surgery was performed by external ethmoidectomy approach and dural tear and bone defect was repaired with abdominal fat and free mucosal graft taken from amputated middle turbinates. We conclude that repair using free fat and mucosal graft via external ethmoidectomy approach could be accepted as the intial method of CSF rhinorrhea management.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.197-210
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• 2004

Objective : This study was designed to investigate causes, symptoms and treatments for the Chronic rhinorrhea of children with oriental medical literatures. Methods : We surveyed the oriental and western medical books from to recent published books that have articles on Chronic rhinorrhea. Results and Conclusions : The Chronic rhinorrhea are classified to Bigu and Biruan(鼻淵). Bigu is similar to Allergic Rhinitis and Biyan(鼻淵) is similar to Chronic Sinusitis. The external cause of disease is the invasion of Poong han(風寒) etc a wrong air and the internal causes of disease are the deficiency of the spleen, lung and kidney and inner heat caused by stress. Treatment in Oriental medicine consists of herbal-therapy, acupuncture and moxa. The methods of treatment are expelling of Poong han(風寒) in the early stage and helping the vital energy in the late stage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.160-164
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• 2015

Hunter syndrome(Mucopolysaccharidosis type II, MPS type II) is an X-linked disorder of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) metabolism caused by an iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS2) deficiency. A 24-month-old boy visited the department of pediatrics with the chief compliant of chronic purulent rhinorrhea beginning at age one. He had a history of repeated acute otitis media and chronic rhinitis. On physical examination he had a coarse face, enlarged tongue, distended abdomen, joint stiffness, and Mongolian spots at his first visit. The urine GAGs level was elevated at 66.10 mg/mmolCr (reference range, <11.1) and iduronate-2-sulfatase activity in leukocyte was decreased at 0.21 nmol/mg protein/hr (reference range, 18.7-57). Finally with an IDS gene mutational analysis, recombinant known mutation between intron 7 and distal of exon 3 in IDS2 was detected. Recombinant iduronate-2-sulfatase therapy was started without any infusion related reactions. The author highlights the importance of suspecting Hunter syndrome when pediatric patients visit with chronic purulent rhinorrhea which is a common cause of hospital visits for infants and children.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.109-118
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• 2015

Objectives : We performed a clinical study to investigate characteristics of pattern identifications using nasal endoscopy for allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods : We assessed 32 patients with allergic rhinitis using nasal endoscopy, classifications of allergic rhinitis and it's impact on asthma (ARIA) and total nasal symptom score (TNSS). Results : The watery rhinorrhea score of nasal endoscopy was significantly high in 'persistent and moderate/severe' group (P<0.05). Patients were classified as rhinorrhea group and nasal obstruction group according to nasal endoscopy. TNSS and rhinorrhea score was significantly high in rhinorrhea group (P<0.05). Conclusions : The result may provide that the watery rhinorrhea of nasal endoscopy is useful as 'Cold' and 'Deficiency' pattern identification diagnostic tool.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.181-189
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• 2010

Objectives : In order to confirm a remedial effect and related influence of the clinic treatment by prescribing Samchuljojung-tang(蔘朮調中湯), Bojungikqi-tang(補中益氣湯) and Samso-um(蔘蘇飮) to patients who suffering from a chronic cough and rhinorrhea. Methods : 1. In a clinical observation and analysis method, we have selected the 23 patients who have visited National Oriental Medical Center, date from 2007.8.21 to 2008.7.31 and suffering from a chronic cough and rhinorrhea caused by the common cold sequelae. 2. Separated them into three types(I: cough type, II: rhinorrhea type, III: cough & rhinorrhea type). 3. Observed thoroughly the level of symptom and recorded it for each type with questionnaire survey at the beginning set 4. Prescribed Samchuljojung-tang, Bojungikqi-tang and Samso-um for type I, II, III respectively. 5. Observed the level of symptom and treatment afterwards affect, and recorded movements of intensity level for 3 types with same questionnaires. Results : 1. Type I : The survey turned out to be from 9 patients, initial level recorded 31.89 at the entry diagnosis, and next level that means changing of symptoms, recorded to 12.67 after prescribing herb medication. 2. Type II : From 11 patients, initial level was 32.82 and next level was 13.45. 3. Type III : From 3 patients, initial level was 37.67 and next one was 16.00. Conclusions : It is concluded that there is a significant remedial effect and related influence of the clinic treatment for each type of patients who suffering from a chronic cough and rhinorrhea caused by the common cold sequelae.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.298-302
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• 2015

This case report describes the symptoms and clinical course of a 35-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with a temporo-sphenoidal encephalocele. It is characterized by herniation of cerebral tissue of the temporal lobe through a defect of the skull base localized in the middle fossa. At the time of first presentation the patient complained about recurrent nasal discharge of clear fluid which had begun some weeks earlier. She also reported that three months earlier she had for the first time suffered from a generalized seizure. In a first therapeutic attempt an endoscopic endonasal approach to the sphenoid sinus was performed. An attempt to randomly seal the suspicious area failed. After frontotemporal craniotomy, it was possible to localize the encephalocele and the underlying bone defect. The herniated brain tissue was resected and the dural defect was closed with fascia of the temporalis muscle. In summary, the combination of recurrent rhinorrhea and a first-time seizure should alert specialists of otolaryngology, neurology and neurosurgery of a temporo-sphenoidal encephalocele as a possible cause. Treatment is likely to require a neurosurgical approach.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.264-271
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the symptoms of allergic rhinitis among university students and assess their quality of life (QOL) in order to establish an effective program for university students with allergic rhinitis. Methods: The data were collected in May, 2012 in a university school health center. The collected data were analyzed in terms of frequency, percentage and mean for the symptom types and QOL among 131 university students with allergic rhinitis. An independent t-test was conducted to determine differences in QOL according to general and disease related characteristics. Results: Symptoms were reported in the following order: nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal itching respectively. The mean score of QOL of the participants was 2.24 (5 point). Nasal symptoms such as rhinorrhea (M=3.16) and nasal obstruction (M=3.12) had the highest score and affected QOL badly in the item analysis. QOL differed according to the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis history, skin test reaction, some symptoms and allergens. Conclusion: To establish an effective management program for increasing QOL among university students with allergic rhinitis, symptom management methods for nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea should be included in the program.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.403-405
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• 2007

Most posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is noticed by the patients with the first symptom, rhinorrhea. A 38-year-old woman presented with frequent clear continuous rhinorrhea and otorrhea for 5 years after basilar skull fracture. After this, meningitis was developed with subsequent CSF fistula. Her clinical symptom was improved by medical treatment. The dural defect and CSF leakage were not detected by computerized tomography (CT) cistemography. We report a rare case of persistent posttraumatic CSF fistula that continued for five years.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.555-557
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• 2012

We report an uncommon case of a 45-year-old woman who presented with spontaneous rhinorrhea. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the head revealed an abnormally large sphenoid sinus associated with a parasellar bony defect (Sternberg's canal) through which magnetic resonance imaging could detect an encephalocele of the right temporal lobe. An endoscope-assisted trans-sphenoidal approach was performed and, with the aid of image guided surgery, reduction of the encephalocele was obtained and followed by surgical repair of the dural and bony defects. The postoperative course was uneventful and the cerebrospinal fluid fistula was closed as confirmed by the postoperative CT scan and by the absence of rhinorrhea. After three years of monitoring the patient remained asymptomatic.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.153-163
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• 2004

Objective: For last 20 years our living environment has been changed rapidly. Accordingly. there have been many changes in prevalence of diseases; In nasal disease of the pediatrics, the number of children suffering from chronic rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction has been increased. And respiratory symptoms suggesting rhinitis and sinusitis also were increased. Allergic disease is considered as an important cause of this phenomenon while importance of infection as pathogen is fading today. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of TonggyutangGarnibang on the nasal disease of children. Methods: Children with nasal disease answer the questionnaires on their chief complaints and medical past history on their first visit to our clinic. They were treated 'With TonggyutangGarnibang for 4weeks. After treatment they answered the questionnaire on improvement of their symptoms. Results: Among treated patients, 70 were male(69%) and 32 were female(31%); sex ratio was 2.2.3:l(male:female). And children from 3-8 years old took majority of patients(64%). Major symptoms of children with nasal disease were as follows; nasal obstruction 9lchildren(62%), rhinorrhea 86children(84%), sneezing 63children(62%), cough 63children(62%), snoring 48children (47%), poor appetite 44children(43%), itching 39children(38%), headache 32children(31%), stomache 25children(25%), epistaxis 23children(23%), constipation 17children(17%), diarrhea 12children(12%). Past history and impression of the disease of the patients were as follows; allergic rhinitis(66%), atopic dermatitis(42%), sinusitis(40%), asthma(25%), urticaria(12%). Severity of symptom improved after TonggyutangGamibang treatment, it showed high treatment efficacy as follows; sneezing 70%, cough 70%, rhinorrhea 63%, nasal obstruction 59% Conclusion: This study shows TonggyutangGamibang has distinctive treatment effect on children with nasal disease.