• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.143-153
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• 2001

Objective : To investigate the relation to the organs, shu points and mu points. The labeled common locations of the spinal cord and brain were observed following injection of pseudorabies virus(PRV) into the the kidney, UB23 and GB25. Methods : After survival times of 96 hours following injection of PRV, The fifteen rats were perfused, and their spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with light microscope. Results : In spinal cord, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the kidney, BL23 and GB25 were founded in cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. Dense labeled areas of cervical segments were overlap in lateral cervical n. and lamina III-V area. Thoracic segments were overlap in lateral spinal n., intermediolateral n. and lamina V-X areas. Lumbar segments were overlap in lamina I-V areas. Sacral segments were overlap in lamina IV, V and X areas. In brain, PRV labeled areas projecting to the kidney, UB23 and GB25 were overlap in the A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular n./rostroventrolaterai n., raphe obscurus n,, raphe pallidus n., raphe magnus n., gigantocellular reticular n., locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus n., A5 cell group and paraventricular hypothalamic n.. Conclusions : This results suggest that PRV labeled overlap areas of projecting to the kidney may be correlated to shu and mu points related to the kidney. These morphological results provide that organs-shu(transport) and mu(alarm) points interrelationship may be related to the central autonomic pathways.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.287-292
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• 2001

It has been known that the hemolymph node is one of the lymphoid organs found normally in ruminants and some rodents, and this organ shares morphological and functional characteristics of lymph node and spleen. To clanify the rigorous definition of morphological structures and functions of the hemolymph node in Wistar Kyoto(WKY)rats, we examined these organs of WKY rats gross anatomically and light microscopically. The hemolymph nodes were normally found in the abdominal cavity and in the neck of WKY rats. This organ was surrounded by a thin connective tissue capsule and there was a hilus. The parenchyma comprised a cortex of lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissues, and a medulla of diffuse lymphatic tissues arranged in cords. Afferent and efferent lymph vessels were observed but there was no extensive subcapsular and medullary sinuses. These sinuses were filled with erythrocytes. The stroma of hemolymph nodes was composed of reticular cells and fibers, and many lymphocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and megakaryocytes were supported by the reticular network. The above findings suggest that the hemolymph nodes of WKY rats may take part in blood formation, blood filtration and immune reaction.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

Purpose: Several morphometric studies have been performed to investigate brain abnormalities in congenitally deaf people. But no report exists concerning structural brain abnormalities in congenitally deaf adolescents. We evaluated the regional volume changes in gray matter (GM) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in congenitally deaf adolescents. Materials and Methods: A VBM8 methodology was applied to the T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of eight congenitally deaf adolescents (mean age, 15.6 years) and nine adolescents with normal hearing. All MRI scans were normalized to a template and then segmented, modulated, and smoothed. Smoothed GM data were tested statistically using analysis of covariance (controlled for age, gender, and intracranial cavity volume). Results: The mean values of age, gender, total volumes of GM, and total intracranial volume did not differ between the two groups. In the auditory centers, the left anterior Heschl's gyrus and both inferior colliculi showed decreased regional GM volume in the congenitally deaf adolescents. The GM volumes of the lingual gyri, nuclei accumbens, and left posterior thalamic reticular nucleus in the midbrain were also decreased. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that early deprivation of auditory stimulation in congenitally deaf adolescents might have caused significant underdevelopment of the auditory cortex (left Heschl's gyrus), subcortical auditory structures (inferior colliculi), auditory gain controllers (nucleus accumbens and thalamic reticular nucleus), and multisensory integration areas (inferior colliculi and lingual gyri). These defects might be related to the absence of general auditory perception, the auditory gating system of thalamocortical transmission, and failure in the maturation of the auditory-to-limbic connection and the auditorysomatosensory-visual interconnection.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.479-487
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• 1997

The present study was carried out to localize the central nuclei innervating the rat colon using pseudorabies virus-Bartha strain which has been known as a very useful neurotracer. The results were as follows. The central nuclei innervating the proximal colon were premotor area, subfornical organ, preoptic area in telencephalon, and paraventricular nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, retrochiasmatic area in the diencephalon, and periaqueductal gray, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, tegmental nucleus in the mesencephalon, and parabrachial nucleus, locus ceruleus, A5 area, $K{\ddot{o}}lliker$-Fuse nucleus, magnocellular reticular nucleus in the metencephalon, and nucleus tractus solitarius, A1 noradrenergic cell group, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus ambiguus, area postrema in the myelencephalon. In the spinal cord, the thoracic division had some nuclei innervating the proximal colon. The nuclei innervating the distal colon were paraventricular nucleus of the diencephalon, Edinger-Westphal nucleus of midbrain, and parabrachial nucleus, locus ceruleus, A5 area, $K{\ddot{o}}lliker$-Fuse nucleus, magnocellular reticular nucleus of the metencephalon, and nucleus tractus solitarius, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus ambiguus, area postrema in the myelencephalon. In the spinal cord, thoracic, lumbar and sacral division innervated the distal colon.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.671-675
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• 2000

It has been known that the hemolymph node is one of the lymphoid organs found normally in ruminants and some rodents, and this organ shares morphological and functional characteristics of lymph node and spleen. To clarify the rigorous definition of morphological structures and functions of the hemolymph node in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats, we examined these organs of SD rats gross anatomically and light microscopically. The hemolymph nodes were normally found in the abdominal cavity and in the neck of SD rats. This organ was surrounded by a thin connective tissue capsule and there was a hilus. The parenchyma comprised a cortex of lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissues, and a medulla of diffuse lymphatic tissues arranged in cords. Afferent and efferent lymph vessels were observed but there was no extensive subcapsular and medullary sinuses. These sinuses were filled with erythrocytes. The stroma of hemolymph nodes was composed of reticular cells and fibers, and many lymphocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and megakaryocytes were supported by the reticular network. The above findings suggest that the hemolymph nodes of SD rats may take part in blood formation, blood filtration and immune reaction.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.624-628
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• 1995

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare disease which afflicts young women of childbearing age. We experienced a 32-year-old female who was admitted because of worsening exertional dyspnea after hormonal therapy with Clomifen for five months and intermittent hemoptysis. Chest PA showed diffuse ground glass appearance with some reticular infiltrations. High resolution CT scan showed multiple small thin walled cysts distributed homogeneously throughout the entire lung. Pulmonary function test showed characteristic obstructive pattern despite the restrictive interstitial pattern of chest radiography. Thoracoscopic lung biopsy specimen showed abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the walls of lymphatic vessels, bronchioles, and pulmonary vessels typical of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Hormonal therapy with medroxyprogesterone was initiated.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.101-109
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• 1988

최근에 마취한 흰쥐에서 중뇌망상체를 전기적으로 자극하면 췌장의 외분비 기능이 증가하며 이러한 결과는 망상체의 자극으로 인하여 교감신경계의 활성도가 상승하기 때문이라는 보고가 있다. 한편 교감신경계의 활성도가 상승할 경우 교감신경계의 전달 물질인 catecholamine이 교감신경 종말 뿐만 아니라 부신수질에서도 유리된다고 알려져 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 중뇌망상체의 자극으로 인하여 췌장의 외분비 기능이 증가함에 있어 교감신경계가 중요한 역할을 담당하는지를 확인하고, 이때 부신수질이 관여하는가를 알아보고자 하였다. 마취한 흰쥐에게 atropine (1mg/kg) 또는 reserpine (5mg/kg)을 투여하거나 또는 부신을 적출한 다음 중뇌망상체를 전기 자극하면서 췌장액을 채취하였다. 사용한 전기자극의 매개변수는 1.3V, 40Hz, 2msec이었다. atropine과 reserpine을 투여하면 마취한 흰쥐의 자발적 췌장액 분비량과 단백질 분비량은 모두 유의하게 감소하였으나 부신을 제거하면 췌장액 분비량에는 이렇다할 변동이 없는 반면에 단백질 분비량은 유의하게 감소하였다. 중뇌망상체를 전기자극하면 췌장액 분비량과 단백질 분비량 모두가 유의하게 증가하였다. 이러한 망상체의 자극효과는 atropine 전처치에 의하여 이렇다할 영향을 받지 않았으나 reserpine 전처치에 의하여 소실되었다. 그러나 부신을 적출하면 망상체 자극에 의한 췌장액 분비량의 증가는 유지되는 반면에 단백질 분비량의 증가는 소실되었다. 한편 미주신경을 절단한 흰쥐에서 중뇌망상체를 자극하는 동안에 경동맥의 수축기 및 이완기 혈압이 상승하였는데 이러한 망상체의 자극효과도 reserpine의 투여에 의하여 유의하게 감소되었다. 본 실험의 결과를 종합하여 보면 마취한 흰쥐에서 중뇌망상체의 자극은 교감신경계를 활성화시켜 췌장액 분비량과 단백질 분비량에 촉진적인 영향을 미치며, 이때 활성화된 교감신경계는 부분적으로 부신을 경유하게 췌장의 단백질 분비에 촉진적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.70.1-70.13
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• 2022

Background: Fat stranding is a non-specific finding of an increased fat attenuation on computed tomography (CT) images. Fat stranding is used for detecting the underlying lesion in humans. Objectives: To assess the clinical significance of fat stranding on CT images for identifying the underlying cause in dogs and cats. Methods: In this retrospective study, the incidence, location, extent, distribution, and pattern of fat stranding were assessed on CT studies obtained from 134 cases. Results: Fat stranding was found in 38% (51/134) of all cases and in 35% (37/107) of tumors, which was significantly higher in malignant tumors (44%) than benign tumors (12%). Moreover, fat stranding was found in more than two areas in malignant tumors (16/33) and in a single area in benign tumors (4/4). In inflammation, fat stranding was demonstrated in 54% (7/13) in a single area (7/7) as a focal distribution (6/7). In trauma, fat stranding was revealed in 50% (7/14) and most were in multiple areas (6/7). Regardless of the etiologies, fat stranding was always around the underlying lesion and a reticular pattern was the most common presentation. Logistic regression analysis revealed that multiple areas (p = 0.040) of fat stranding and a reticulonodular pattern (p = 0.022) are the significant predictors of malignant tumor. Conclusions: These findings indicated that CT fat stranding can be used as a clue for identifying the underlying lesion and can be useful for narrowing the differential list based on the extent and pattern.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.841-849
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• 2023

Corallina pilulifera (CP) is prevalent along the Korean coastline and belongs to the Corallinaceae family, exhibiting growth throughout all seasons. This study confirmed the role of calcium supplementation through CP, calcined CP (CCP), and a commercial calcium powder, highlighting variations in dosage within animal models induced by a calcium-deficient diet. Analysis of calcium absorption was conducted by assessing the serum and urine calcium levels during the feeding periods. Serum calcium content was significantly higher in the control group (CON, 9.79 mg/dL) than in the calcium-deficient model (CDM, 6.15 mg/dL). The calcium content of urine was significantly higher than that of CON (0.20 mg/dL) compared with CDM (0.08 mg/dL). Reticular bone thickness showed no significant differences between the CON and CDM groups. Additionally, micro-CT results demonstrated a reduction in the trabecular volume and a significant difference between the number of strands and the average interval of the reticular bone. In conclusion, CP serves as a promising source of calcium supplementation. Therefore, these findings emphasize that CP is of sufficient value as an industrial material related to calcium metabolism.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.11-24
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• 2003

This experimental studies was to investigate the location of PNS and CNS labeled neurons following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and pseudorabies virus (PRY), Bartha strain, into the ductus deferens of rats. After survival times 4-5 days following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and PRV, the rats were perfused, and their brain, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia and spinal ganglia were frozen sectioned ($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by HRP histochemical and PRY inummohistochemical staining methods, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows ; 1. The location of sympathetic ganglia projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in pelvic ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion and L1-6 lwnbar sympathetic ganglia. 2. The location of spinal ganglia projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in T13-L6 spinal ganglia. 3. The PRY labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in lateral spinal nucleus, lamina I, II and X of cervical segments. In thoracic segments, PRY labeled neurons were observed in dorsomedial part of lamina I, II and III, and dorsolateral part of lamina IV and V. Densely labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral nucleus. In first lumbar segment, labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral nucleus and dorsal commisural nucleus. In sixth lumbar segment and sacral segments, dense labeled neurons were observed in sacral parasympathetic nuc., lamina IX and X. 4. In the medulla oblongata, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in the trigeminal spinal nuc., A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nuc., rostroventrolateral reticular nuc., area postrema, nuc. tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nuc., raphe pallidus nuc., raphe magnus nuc., parapyramidal nuc., lateral reticular nuc., gigantocellular reticular nuc.. 5. In the pons, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were ohserved in parabrachial nuc., Kolliker-Fuse nuc., locus cooruleus, subcooruleus nuc. and AS noradrenalin cells. 6. In midbrain, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in periaqueductal gray substance, substantia nigra and dorsal raphe nuc.. 7. In the diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in paraventricular hypahalamic nuc., lateral hypothalamic nuc., retrochiasmatic nuc. and ventromedial hypothalamic nuc.. 8. In cerebrum, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in area 1 of parietal cortex. These results suggest that WGA-HRP labeled neurons of the spinal cord projecting to the rat ductus deferens might be the first-order neurons related to the viscero-somatic sensory and sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and PRV labeled neurons of the brain and spinal cord may be the second and third-order neurons response to the movement of smooth muscles in ductus deferens. These PRV labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory and motor system monitaing the internal environment. These observations provide evidence for previously unknown projections from ductus deferens to spinal cord and brain which may be play an important neuroanatornical basic evidence in the regulation of ductus deferens function.