• Journal of Urban Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2022

Semi-industrial zone is the area where manufacturing, residential, commercial zones are mixed. Despite of their potentials in that proximity to city and convenient transportation infrastructure, a lot of semi-industrial zones in Korea have converted to other uses due to many issues such as change of industry, increasing land price, real estate speculations. Recently, local government is trying to solve their existing issues and develop them through a restoration of publicness. Now publicness is thought of as a key factor of regeneration in semi-industrial areas. In this regard, this study aims to examine the way of restoring publicness revealed in Brooklyn Navy Yard mainly focus on their urban contexts and architectural ways. Brooklyn Navy Yard, an exemplary case, is an industrial complex that has grown economically, socially and culturally through emphasizing publicness and it is evaluated as an advanced example of public industrial complex. Through the analysis of Navy Yard, this study was trying to emphasize the importance of publicness in the regeneration of semi-industrial areas and to provide implications for the Seoul Government's solutions, which are still in the conceptual stage. To analyze the publicness of the study subjects, framework and elements were derived by examining related theories and prior researches. Depending on this frame, the results of the publicness of the Navy Yard were as follows. First of all, the 'Publicness as an officiality' was identified at the characteristic of the site and Navy Yard development corporation. Second, the 'Publicness as a public interest' of the Navy Yard Development Corporation was identified in various ways of its operation methods. Finally, the 'Publicness as an accessibility' was identified in the opening of urban and architectural spaces in Navy Yard. These publicness were analyzed with seven Navy Yard's success factors. Thus, it can be interpreted that the publicness of the semi-industrial areas can contribute significantly to their success. The publicness restoring methods of Navy Yard could be used as a basic data in semi-industrial areas in the future in Korea. However they are limited to be applied directly, so extensive and in-depth research in terms of their applicability should be conducted.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.694-709
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• 2021

Purpose: In this study, earthquake-induced landslide risk assessment was conducted to provide basic data for efficient and preemptive damage prevention by selecting the erosion control work before the earthquake and the prediction and restoration priorities of the damaged area after the earthquake. Method: The study analyzed the previous studies abroad to examine the evaluation methodology and to derive the evaluation factors, and examine the utilization of the landslide hazard map currently used in Korea. In addition, the earthquake-induced landslide hazard map was also established on a pilot basis based on the fault zone and epicenter of Pohang using seismic attenuation. Result: The earthquake-induced landslide risk assessment study showed that China ranked 44%, Italy 16%, the U.S. 15%, Japan 10%, and Taiwan 8%. As for the evaluation method, the statistical model was the most common at 59%, and the physical model was found at 23%. The factors frequently used in the statistical model were altitude, distance from the fault, gradient, slope aspect, country rock, and topographic curvature. Since Korea's landslide hazard map reflects topography, geology, and forest floor conditions, it has been shown that it is reasonable to evaluate the risk of earthquake-induced landslides using it. As a result of evaluating the risk of landslides based on the fault zone and epicenter in the Pohang area, the risk grade was changed to reflect the impact of the earthquake. Conclusion: It is effective to use the landslide hazard map to evaluate the risk of earthquake-induced landslides at the regional scale. The risk map based on the fault zone is effective when used in the selection of a target site for preventive erosion control work to prevent damage from earthquake-induced landslides. In addition, the risk map based on the epicenter can be used for efficient follow-up management in order to prioritize damage prevention measures, such as to investigate the current status of landslide damage after an earthquake, or to restore the damaged area.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.327-341
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• 2021

The riparian eco-belt is an efficient technique that can reduce non-point pollution sources in the basin and improve ecological connectivity and health. In Korea, a legal system for the construction and management of riparian eco-belts is in operation. However, it is currently excluded that rivers and floodplains in dam reservoir that are advantageous for buffer functions such as control of non-point pollutants and ecological habitats. Accordingly, this study presented and analyzed a plan to select a site for an integrated riparian ecol-belt that comprehensively evaluates the water quality and ecosystem characteristics of each dam floodplain and riparian zone for the Daecheong Dam basin in Geum River watershed. First, the Daecheong Dam basin was divided into 138 sub-basin with GIS, and the riparian zone adjacent to the dam floodplain was analyzed. Sixteen evaluation factors related to the ecosystem and water quality impact that affect the selection of integrated riparian eco-belt were decided, and weights for the importance of each factor were set through AHP analysis. The priority of site suitability was derived by conducting an integrated evaluation by applying weights to sub-basin by floodplains and riparian zone factors. In order to determine whether the sites derived through GIS site analysis are sutiable for actual implementation, five sites were inspected according to three factors: land use, pollution sources, and ecological connectivity. As a result, it was confirmed that all sites were appropriate to apply integrated riparian ecol-belt. It is judged that the riparian eco-belt site analysis technique proposed through this study can be applied as a useful tool when establishing an integrated riparian zone management policy in the future. However, it might be necessary to experiment various evaluation factors and weights for each item according to the characteristics and issues of each dam. Additional research need to be conducted on elaborated conservation and restoration strategies considering the Green-Blue Network aspect, evaluation of ecosystem services, and interconnection between related laws and policy and its improvements.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.525-547
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• 2021

The main purpose of this study is to examine the use of plant species in ecological restoration projects. To this end, planting drawings from 58 sites that had completed the return of the ecosystem conservation cooperation fund for the past six years were collected and analyzed. The analysis used the construction completion and design drawings to determine the overall selection status and analyze frequency by classifying planted plants into wild and cultivated plants by nature, size, vegetation climate, and upland and wetland habitat. The investigation and analysis process found many cases of wrong plant names, so an analysis was also performed on the matter. In the 58 investigation sites, 282 plants were used for planting: 91 tree species, 69 shrub species, 11 vine species, and 111 herbal species. The most commonly used plant species was Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, followed by Sorbus alnifolia, Quercus acutissima, Zoysia japonica, Callicarpa dichotoma, and Weigela subsessilisin that order. The most commonly used tree species was Sorbus alnifolia,followed by Quercus acutissima, Zelkova serrata, Chionanthus retusus, and Cornus officinalis, in that order. The most commonly used shrub species was Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, followed by Weigela subsessilis, Callicarpa dichotoma, Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense. and Euonymus alatusin that order. The most commonly used herbal plant species was Zoysia japonica, followed by Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum, Aster koraiensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, and Pennisetum alopecuroidesin that order. In the analysis by vegetation climate, Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, Callicarpa dichotoma, and Sorbus alnifoliawere most used in that order in both the temperate central and the warm temperate forest zones, but the pattern does not properly reflect the climate characteristics. In the analysis by habitat, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Lythrum salicariawere most used in the wetland. In particular, the ratio of wild plants to cultivated plants was 76% to 24%, indicating the ratio of selecting cultivated plants was high. The names of plants on the drawings were mostly common names that did not appear in the Korea National Arboretum or the National Species List of Korea. It is necessary to use proper plant names in the future. Regarding the use of planting plants for ecological restoration, it is necessary to adopt the approach of diversifying selected plants, selecting plants according to characteristics of climate zones, and lowering the specifications of plants used for ecological restoration. Moreover, it is important to fully understand the ecological characteristics of wetland plants and minimize the ratio of using cultivated plants to ensure the plant selection centered on wild plants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the plants status of the landscape plant species of 10 elementary schools in the Chungju city, and to obtain the fundamental informations for proper use of planting system in the elementary school landscape. The results are summarized as follows : 1. 199 species were planted in the 10 elementary schools, It was constituted 89 of woody plants, 108 of herbaceous plants and 2 of others. The average number of plants per school was about 60 species. The rate of plants species of Evergreen Trees to the Deciduous was 23 : 60 and the rate the trees to the shrubs was 59 : 24. 2. Almost the same species were planted in school landscaping zone. Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka, Ginkgo biloba, Zelkova serrata were mainly planted in the species of trees. To improve the present conditions of school landscape should be considered for the purpose of function and the aspect of ecology. 3. To see the selected school trees and flowers, Zelcova serrata was selected to the school tree in the 4 of schools. Ginkgo biloba was selected 3 of schools, the others were Juniperus chinensis Pinus densiflora, etc. Rhododendron lateritium was appointed to the school flower in the 6 of schools, the others were Rosa spp., Forsythia koreana etc. To set the school tree and flower consider the preserved trees of the community.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.23-43
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to create ecological values for urban rivers. For this, the paper looks into river bed structures and how nearby lands are used. This study was performed to set the specific sections for analysis through a field investigation of the infrastructure conditions, surrounding land use, and the inter habitat structure of Seongnaecheon(Stream). A total of 780 individuals from 31 species of wild birds appeared in Seongnaecheon(Stream). According to foraging guild's habitat, there were 9 species of water, 8 types of water edges, 5 types of crowns, 5 types of shrubs, 2 types of tree trunks, 2 types of birds of raptors, and 355 individuals of water, 243 shrubs, 90 crowns, 84 water edges and 5 raptors. Many water birds were observed at the site where the Seongnaecheon(Stream) sandy plains and wetland herbaceous area were developed and the open water was secured. Most of the forest birds appeared on levee slope connected with forest around and riverside with fewer facilities for use. The species diversity index of Shannon, the entire section of Seongnaecheon(Stream), was 2.2697 and the downstream ecological landscape conservation area of Seongnaecheon(Stream) was found to be useful as a habitat for wild birds in the city compared to other sections. Some sections of Seongnaecheon (Stream) had low species diversity index due to lack of green space and surrounding urbanization areas. In choosing target species, I researched the special features of the habitats and the habitation structure of wild birds in each zone. Regarding detailed plans, by classifying the breeding place & roosting site and the roosting site & shelter that took account of the inhabitation characteristics of the target species in different sections, this paper suggested the major plant species and multilayer planting structures. Moreover, this study proposed the development of habitats for water birds and forest birds along with the connection of the green network for improving the Eco-corridor linkage and inhabitation features in Seongnaecheon(Stream).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.59-71
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• 2006

Due to the rapid process of industrialization the cities of Korea confront changes of climate, destructions of the habitate and decrease of the green. Recently Seoul and other local governments have implemented policies and projects to improve the environmental surroundings. In reality, however, those policies and projects face difficulties in the course of implementation. The fact that there are no concrete regulations and specific legal procedures turns out to be one of the main difficulties. The aim of this study is to present specific plans and methods of wall-planting and to provide basic guidelines for the future direction of wall-planting and offer ideas of facilitating wall-planting. This study is based on questionnaires from specialists of landscape architecture through individual interviews and/or e-mails. The questionnaire is consisted of following 4 sections. 1. Show the experts current regulations and/or legal procedures and ask them improvements and suggestions. 2. Ask them choose matters of the highest priority by using Ricardo's diagram method. 3. Ask them to make a graded list in terms of the location and method of wall-planting. 4. Study the maketability of the wall-planting products currently in circulation. The city of Seoul and the Ministry of Environment recommend that trellis and/or planting inducement structures be installed on the building wall by regulation. The specialists responded to the questionnaire advocate that green wall without trellis should be allowed as green zone. Therefore regulations concerning the wall-planting should be determined specifically according to the characteristics of individual plants and walls. It has been urged that legal aid and social support must be reinforced to establish rules dealing with wall-planting. The respondents also point out that significant cutting down of the tax is far more effective in accelerating the wall-green instead of administrative support. The highest priority in terms of planting has been given to sound-proof wall, retaining wall and building wall. Concerning the maketability of the wall-planting products, panel products are recommended for early-planting and building planting. It has been suggested that the research and study of new materials and species be done in advance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.97-109
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• 2011

Korea introduced the cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem for minimizing damage of ecosystem due to development projects and their effects and for preparing resources for natural environment conservation projects. Advanced countries have made efforts by expanding investment in natural environment conservation and restoring projects to promote prevention of global warming and improvement of biological diversity, are establishing nationwide strategies and plans. To examine the reality of projects by returns of the cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem, microsite projects in schools and public facilities take the largest share while their project budgets are only about 100~300 KRW, relatively small, which might be attributable to budget restrictions in accordance with the calculating method of levying cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem and problems of project proceeding in the system of returning fund for projects in general. The conclusion which this study suggests on invigoration of cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem and its operation are as followings. First, although the cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem has been introduced in 2001, the amount of imposition per unit area remains unchanged. It is desirable to increase the amount into $1,400KRW/m^2$ as of August, 2011 as the price index has been continuously rising for the past 10 years and the upward adjustment of imposition per unit area should be notified by the decree of the Ministry of Environment every January. Second, the ceiling amount of the cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem should be abolished. Now the ceiling amount is defined as 1 billion KRW but it was found that there was not any ceiling amount specified according to the comparative analysis of similar systems with the Korean environmental improvement fund. The ceiling should be abolished so that medium level businesses are carried out and ecosystem recovering projects in the true sense of the word can be made smoothly. Third, weight should be introduced in calculating amounts in accordance with ecologic and economic values. Harmony between development and environment can be achieved by applying differentiated weights of constant regional coefficient by use zone and ecologic and economic values. Continuous efforts of improving cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem should be made more than anything else so that projects by returns of cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem get effectiveness.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.614-624
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for establishing the plan of disaster prevention and the continuous conservation of soil ecosystem by grasping the potential soil loss and the danger of erosion using RUSLE method on whole districts in Gyeongju National Park, Korea. In the results of the average amount of soil erosion for the year, the average of all districts was 5.7 ton/ha in annual, and Namsan district was the highest in 7.6 ton/ha in annual and Seoak district was the lowest in 2.1 ton/ha in annual. The dangerous district due to the soil erosion was analyzed as under 1%, and Gumisan and Hwarange district was not serious. But Namsan district was higher than others, especially, there was intensive in all over Geumohbong. Therefore, to protect the all over Geumohbong, we will establish the valid of restoration and management. The types of land cover in Gyeongju National Park mostly showed forest, and as the average amount of soil erosion in forest was 3.7 ton/ha in annual, there was good condition. In the results of the amount of soil erosion due to landform, the deep canyon showed as 7.3 ton/ha in annual per unit area, secondly, the U-shaped valley was analyzed as 6.1 ton/ha in annual. The plain and high ridge were predicted that there occurred the small amount of soil erosion. In future, if we will analyze the amount of soil erosion in Korean National Parks, we will offer the help to establishing the plan of conservation and restoration on soil ecosystem in whole National Parks.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.149-159
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• 2000

Occlusal disease is comparable to periodontitis in that it is generally not reversible. Occlusal disease, however, like periodontitis, often maintainable. It does itself to treatment and when restorative dentistry is utilized it becomes, in that sense, reversible. Moreover, a systematized and integrated approach will lead to a prognosis that is favorable and predictable. This approach facilitates development of optimum oral function, comfort, and esthetics, resulting in a satisfied patient. Such a systematized approach consists of four logical phase : (1) patient evaluation, (2) comprehensive analysis and treatment planning, (3) integrated and systematic reconstruction, and (4) postoperative maintenance. An integrated treatment plan is first developed on one set of diagnostic casts, properly mounted on a semiadjustable articulator using jaw relationship records. This is accomplished by using wax to make reconstructive modifications to the casts. These modified casts become the blueprint for planned occlusal changes and the fabrication of provisional restorations. The treatment goals are : (1) comfortably functioning temporomandibular joints and stomatognathic musculature, (2) adherence to the basic principle of occlusion advocated by Schuyler, (3) anterior guidance that is in harmony with the envelope of function, (4) restorations that will not violate the patient's neutral zone. This report shows the treatment procedures for a patient whose mandibular position has been altered due to posterior bite collapse. Migration of the maxillary anterior teeth had occurred, and the posterior occlusal contacts showed pathologic interference. Precise diagnosis using mounted casts was executed and prosthodontic reconstruction by the aid of an unconventional orthodontic correction on maxillary flaring was planned. An unconventional orthodontic correction can be accomplished by using preexisting natural teeth, which can be modified for use in active tooth movement or splinted together for orthodontic anchorage. This technique has an advantage over conventional fixed appliance orthodontic therapy because it can accomplish tooth movement concurrently with restorative and periodontal therapy. On occasion, minor tooth movement can be necessary to achieve the optimum occlusal scheme, crown form, and tooth position for the forces of occlusion to be displaced down the long axis of the periodontally compromised teeth. Once the occlusion, periodontal health, and crown contours for the provisional splinted restoration are acceptable, the final splinted restoration can be similarly fabricated, and it becomes an excellent orthodontic retainer.