• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.14
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• pp.23-28
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• 2013

This paper aimed to show the whole conservation process of the human shaped terra cotta mask that was excavated from one of construction sites at Jungcheon-ri, Geumsan-myeon, Jinju. This mask was X-rayed to get the correct making techniques and there are 4 holes on the top of the head and each diameter of the 3 holes is exact and the other hole is different from the three. The long and sharp shape of the nose is in trapezoid which was separately made with clay and put on (the face). It's found that there are round grooves each around upper and down lips. (upper in length: 10mm, down in length: 6 mm). All restoring materials and adhesives used for restoration to associate each piece are reversibility materials. According to a few points on buried bones of animals distributed around the sites, holes and grooves on the top of the head, ears and teeth to wear something, it academically presumes that this mask could be possibly used for the group ritual. Especially, the whole procedure from excavation to scientific conservation process resulted to have a special exhibition to give the public new eyes how the exhibition realizes to the public.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.spc2
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• pp.765-776
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to provide the legal and institutional guidelines and standards that can be used in the whole river restoration project and to analyze and evaluate the performance of the river project. We constructed an assessment system of four biological taxa that can represent the river environments, namely, evaluation indexes and standards of vegetation and birds, benthic invertebrates and fishes. Specifically, the assessment indicator and criteria of biological characteristics are summarized, so that in case of vegetation community, vegetation diversity, vegetation complexity, and vegetation naturalness can be quantitatively assessed through the combination of three indices. Based on the scientific basis of the advanced techniques, benthic invertebrates, fishes, and birds were proposed to quantitatively evaluate assessment grades according to the classification of biological data. In order to evaluate biological characteristics, which are a part of river environmental naturalness, we proposed a comprehensive biological index and evaluation grade applying the weight of these four biological taxa, and it clearly reflects the characteristics of river environment in test bed.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.79-95
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• 2021

This study aims to develop a restoration model of an armillary sphere of Tongcheon-ui (Pan-celestial Armillary Sphere) by referring to the records of Damheonseo (Hong Dae-Yong Anthology) and the artifact of an armillary sphere in the Korean Christian Museum of Soongsil University. Between 1760 and 1762, Hong, Dae-Yong (1731-1783) built Tongcheon-ui, with Na, Kyung-Jeok (1690-1762) designing the basic structure and Ann, Cheo-In (1710-1787) completing the assembly. The model in this study is a spherical body with a diameter of 510 mm. Tongcheon-ui operates the armillary sphere by transmitting the rotational power from the lantern clock. The armillary sphere is constructed in the fashion of a two-layer sphere: the outer one is Yukhab-ui that is fixed; and the inner one, Samsin-ui, is rotated around the polar axis. In the equatorial ring possessed by Samsin-ui, an ecliptic ring and a lunar-path ring are successively fixed and are tilted by 23.5° and 28.5° over the equatorial ring, respectively. A solar miniature attached to a 365-toothed inner gear on the ecliptic ring reproduces the annual motion of the Sun. A lunar miniature installed on a 114-toothed inner gear of the lunar-path ring can also replay the moon's orbital motion and phase change. By the set of 'a ratchet gear, a shaft and a spur gear' installed in the solstice-colure double-ring, the inner gears in the ecliptic ring and lunar-path ring can be rotated in the opposite direction to the rotation of Samsin-ui and then the solar and lunar miniatures can simulate their revolution over the period of a year and a month, respectively. In order to indicate the change of the moon phases, 27 pins were arranged in a uniform circle around the lunar-path ring, and the 29-toothed wheel is fixed under the solar miniature. At the center of the armillary sphere, an earth plate representing a world map is fixed horizontally. Tongcheon-ui is the armillary sphere clock developed by Confucian scholars in the late Joseon Dynasty, and the technical level at which astronomical clocks could be produced at the time is of a high standard.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.50-55
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• 2019

Recently Ransomware attacks are continuously increasing, and new Ransomware, which is difficult to detect just with a basic vaccine, continuously has its upward trend. Various solutions for Ransomware have been developed and applied. However, due to the disadvantages and limitations of existing solutions, damage caused by Ransomware has not been reduced. Ransomware is attacking various platforms no matter what platform it is, such as Windows, Linux, servers, IoT devices, and block chains. However, most existing solutions for Ransomware are difficult to apply to various platforms, and there is a limit that they are dependent on only some specific platforms while operating. This study analyzes the problems of existing Ransomware detection solutions and proposes the onboard module based Ransomware detection system; after the system defines the function of necessary elements through analyzing requirements that can actually reduce the damage caused by the Ransomware from the viewpoint of users, it supports various OS without pre-installation and is able to restore data even after being infected. We checked the feasibility of each function of the proposed system through the analysis of the existing technology and verified the suitability of the proposed techniques to meet the user's requirements through the questionnaire survey of a total of 264 users of personal and corporate PC users. As a result of statistical analysis of the questionnaire results, it was found that the score of intent to introduce the system was at 6.3 or more which appeared to be good, and the score of intent to change from existing solution to the proposed system was at 6.0 which appeared to be very high.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.78-91
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• 2011

The Usuki Stone Buddha Statues in Japan are carved on mainly dark gray welded lapilli tuff accompanied by lenticular fiamme. This rock is composed of matrix which contains feldspar and opaque minerals with some phenocrysts of quartz and feldspar. The matrix is slight to highly welded. The statues have been weathered and weakened by salt and freezing of water. To enhance the mechanical properties of the rock, consolidants and water repellents were applied. The absorption ratio of the rock was highly decreased after the treatment of the water repellents, the consolidant OH 100, as well. Ultrasonic velocity revealed similarly higher values in the treated rock by KSE 300 and OH 100, compared to non-treated rock. KSE 300, especially, highly increased the Equotip surface hardness. All studied consolidants and water repellents were found to change the original color of the stone. SNL, specifically, resulted the significant change in color. In addition, KSE 300 were observed to improve resistance to weathering such as microcrack and fracture through freezing-thawing test after treatment.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.102-121
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• 2010

Three bronze bells excavated from the Hoeamsa temple site were investigated for their microstructures and chemical compositions in an effort to understand the technology applied in fabrication, which may represent the related industry established in the early Joseon period. The result shows that the bells were cast from alloys of approximately 85% copper-8% tin-7% lead. The chemical analysis for ten trace elements shows that they were all kept below 0.3 weight %, suggesting that the alloys were made of relatively well-refined copper, tin and lead. The presence of sulfur and iron indicates that chalcopyrite or chalcocite may have been used in the smelting of copper. Evidence has been found that the bells were cast by pouring the liquid metal from the top of the sand molds that were set up in an upright position. No additional treatments, thermal or mechanical, other than a little grinding were applied upon the completion of casting. After the shaping process, a balancing plate was attached to the top of the bell using a steel connection ring. The connection assembly was then fixed to the main body by using molten bronze as a solder. The surface inscription was found carved using different techniques. The differences in the order of strokes and the calligraphic style indicate that the carving was carried out by more than one master. In the absence of documentary evidence on past bronze technology, the present bronze bells with known chronology, provenance and the main agent of production, prove to be a rare and valuable archaeological material for the understanding of the related technology in use in the early Joseon period.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.30-43
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to improve the usefulness of photogrammetry in the field of cultural heritage recording concentrated on laser scanning. Two measurement methods(laser scanning, photogrammetry) were compared in terms of accuracy and reality for the Rock-carved Standing Buddha in Singyeong-ri, Hongseong. With regard to accuracy, the distances of major points by both shape information and between the two shape information were compared. Only a deviation of about 1mm was found in the distance measurement of the major points by both shape information. In particular, the average distance between two shape information identified through aligning was only about 0.01mm. Also, the absolute deviation within about 2mm accounted for 70% of the total, and the absolute deviation within about 3.5mm was found to be 95.4% of the total. These values showed very high similarity between laser scanning and photogrammetry-based shape information. In respect of reality, the carved depth, texture, and patterns were compared. As a result of comparing four cross-sectional shapes, only slight differences were found in the shape information of both measurement techniques and similar shapes were identified. The overall texture of both shape information was also similar. However, the detailed shape based on the photogrammetry with decimation is realized with a smoother texture than the original and laser scanning. In particular, Photogrammetry also realistically expressed the various ornaments carved in the Rock-carved Buddha and the patterns with shallow depths were comparatively detailed.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2019

In this study, we applied terahertz imaging technology to three Korean modern oil paintings ('Boy,' 'Girl,' and 'Hyehwadong Landscape'); investigated the types of inner layer information in the pictures that can be extracted with terahertz imaging technology; and analyzed the conditions for extracting them. The biggest problem in the terahertz imaging analysis we encountered was the image distortion caused by the change of the distance between the target surface and the terahertz detector, depending on the surface curvature of the target paintings. We then developed a 'working distance maintaining device' to solve this problem. As a result, the terahertz imaging technique was used to identify the base material characteristics and any patterns of damage inside, and presented the optimal conditions for identifying each characteristic. In addition, it was useful to employ the terahertz frequency-division image to check the characteristics of the background materials. To confirm coloring techniques such as brush strokes, it is effective to compare the maximum reflection peak image with the cross-section image; and to detect damage information inside the paintings that cannot be observed on the surface, to compare the cross-section image with the frequency-division image. On the other hand, according to the terahertz imaging analysis of the oil paintings, the internal structural damage marks of 'Boy' and 'Girl' were confirmed, and the artist's painting style was confirmed in 'Hyehwadong Landscape.' The above results are expected to be useful for the analysis and diagnosis of Korean modern oil paintings for their preservation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.76-84
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• 2019

This study was conducted for the purpose of examining the Outstanding Universal Value, World Heritage Values, in Suzhou classical gardens and the operational method of the protection management of historic gardens, and the results of the study are as follows; The first, as a world heritage, Suzhou gardens proved OUV by showing the taste and lifestyle of the literati, the unique class of Chinese history, to the natural environment of the East Yangtze Delta region. In addition, it showed the exchange of international culture with unique Chinese garden techniques. Second, a authentic reconstruction of garden have original value because it exist records of the near past. The 20th-century archives described by the contemporary language and describing the heritage through images using such media as photography and drawing played a decisive role in restoring gardens. Third, the protection management of Suzhou gardens, which began in the 1950s, was carried out in detail, including the reconstruction of components such as buildings, the restoration of plant materials and horticulture technique, the creation of a list through the records of trees, the maintenance of props such as plaque, furniture, and the project to improve water quality and restore waterscape. The last, after the World Heritage inscribing, Garden's protection management was proceeded in two directions. One is that through the reorganization of the administrative management system and the enactment of laws related to Suzhou classical Gardens, the listing heritage is strictly protected and managed, and the other is that the historical gardens are used to establish urban masterplan and urban identity in Suzhou. The range of garden properties greatly expanded by distinguishing the principle of conservation from protection to rational use and the grade of protection, such as whole protection, maintenance protection and protection of historical sites.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.26
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• pp.119-142
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• 2021

The gilt-bronze-and-silver shoes, excavated from the Tomb of King Muryeong, revealed many defective parts, which constantly raised in-depth re-investigation and reporting. In that point, scientific treatment and analysis were conducted to investigate the manufacturing techniques applied. The conservation treatment was carried out with an emphasis on the restoration of the original form and joining parts. As a result, the upper part of the right shoe and some part of the back heel were joined, confirming the joining method and the number of rivet used for instep bonding. From the component analysis, it is presumed that the outer plate was gilded with mercury amalgam on pure copper, and pure silver was used for the inner plate. The main pattern of the gilt-bronze-and-silver shoes includes designs of phoenix, lotus, and six-petal flower, while the lotus pattern is high in terms of ratio. Thus, youngnaksa(twisted gilt-bronze thread), geumdongsa(gilt-bronze thread), wondujeong (rivet), and samyeonjeong(quadrangular cleats) were used for bonding each plate. Twisted gilt-bronze thread was used to join the inner and outer plates, while the center and rear of the inner plate were combined with only gilt-bronze threads. From the fact, it is presumed that the joining method was different whether the function was decoration or just bonding. Regarding the manufacturing process, traces of burnishing were confirmed on the outer surface of the gilt-bronze and silver shoes, but no burnishing traces were identified on the inner surface of the silver plate, which is likely to prove more importance put on the finishing of the outer plates rather than that of the inner.