• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2014

In this study we aim to extensively investigate the anti-influenza virus immune responses in human pharyngeal epithelial cell line (Hep-2) and evaluate the protective role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in seasonal influenza A H1N1 (sH1N1) infections in vitro. We first investigated the expression of the TLRs and cytokines genes in resting and sH1N1 infected Hep-2 cells. Clear expressions of TLR3, TLR9, interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interferon (IFN)-${\beta}$ were detected in resting Hep-2 cells. After sH1N1 infection, a ten-fold of TLR3 and TLR9 were elicited. Concomitant with the TLRs activation, transcriptional expression of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\beta}$ were significantly induced in sH1N1-infected cells. Pre-treatment of cells with poly I:C (an analog of viral double-stranded RNA) and CpG-ODN (a CpG-motif containing oligodeoxydinucleotide) resulted in a strong reduction of viral and cytokines mRNA expression. The results presented indicated the innate immune response activation in Hep-2 cells and affirm the antiviral role of Poly I:C and CpG-ODN in the protection against seasonal influenza A viruses.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.3-8
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• 1981

Studies have been conducted to test the effect of Ginseng alcohol extract on the membrane potentials of frog skeletal muscle. The gastrocnemius muscle was isolated and placed in a chamber containing the Clark-frog Ringer solution. Membrane potentials were recorded using microelectrodes filled with 3 M KCI and muscle was electrically stimulated to obtain action potential. Changes in both the action potential and the resting membrane potential were observed after adding an appropriate amount of Ginseng alcohol extract in the perfusing Ringer solution. The results obtained from 346 muscle cells are summarized as follows : 1) The average resting membrane potential of the normal frog gastrocnemius muscle cell was -92.8 mV and the peak of the action potential reached at 29.8 mV. 2) Both the resting membrane potential and the peak of the action potential decreased by Ginseng alcohol extract, the effect being proportional to the dose of Ginseng alcohol extract. 3) The resting membrane potential and the peak of the action potential continuously decreased until about 40 min after Ginseng addition and leveled off thereafter. The potentials recovered to its original value after Ginseng was washed out. 4) The resting membrane potential was more sensitive to the Ginseng alcohol extract than was the action potential. These results strongly suggest that Ginseng alcohol extract increases both the $Na^+$ and $K^+$ permeability in the skeletal muscle cell membrane.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.7-19
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• 1981

Aspergillus niger의 휴지균체법에 의한 glucose 로부터 gluconic acid 생산에 대해서 연구한 결과, gluconic acid 생산은 반응 pH, 온도, 기질농도, 통기조건, 금속 ions, 휴지균체의 보존상태 및 반응시간에 따라 크게 영향을 받았다. 휴지균체법에 의해서 glucose로부터 전환된 생성물질은 thin layer chromatography와 infrared spectrophotometer에 의해서 gluconic acid로 확인되었으며, glucose로부터 gluconic acid 생성반응에서는 $Mg^{++}$, S $n^{++}$의 첨가로 촉진효과를 보였으나, C $u^{++}$, H $g^{++}$, C$d^{++}$, A $g^{+}$ 및 Cyanide는 저해효과를 나타냈다. 휴지균체의 최적보존 조건으로는 0.05 M phosphate buffer(pH7.0)에서 -$25^{\circ}C$ 보존 시가제일 안정하였다. 휴지균체법에 의한 gluconic acid 생산은 발효법에 비해서 배양시간이 짧고 수율이 양호하고, 정제 시 회수가 간단할 뿐 아니라 균체의 반복사용이 가능하였다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the effects of nitric oxide on the neuronal activity of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. Sprague-Dawley rats aged 14 to 16 days were decapitated under ether anesthesia. After treatment with pronase and thermolysin, the dissociated Purkinje cells were transferred into a chamber on an inverted microscope. Spontaneous action potentials and potassium current were recorded by standard patch-clamp techniques under current and voltage-clamp modes respectively. 15 Purkinje cells revealed excitatory responses to $20\;{\mu}M$ of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and 4 neurons (20%) did not respond to SNP. Whole potassium currents of Purkinje cells were decreased by SNP (n=10). Whole potassium currents of Purkinje cells were also decreased by L-arginine, substrate of nitric oxide (n=10). These experimental results suggest that nitric oxide increases the neuronal activity of Purkinje cells by altering the resting membrane potential and after hyperpolarization.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.39.1-39.18
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• 2022

RNA metabolism plays a central role in regulating of T cell-mediated immunity. RNA processing, modifications, and regulations of RNA decay influence the tight and rapid regulation of gene expression during T cell phase transition. Thymic selection, quiescence maintenance, activation, differentiation, and effector functions of T cells are dependent on selective RNA modulations. Recent technical improvements have unveiled the complex crosstalk between RNAs and T cells. Moreover, resting T cells contain large amounts of untranslated mRNAs, implying that the regulation of RNA metabolism might be a key step in controlling gene expression. Considering the immunological significance of T cells for disease treatment, an understanding of RNA metabolism in T cells could provide new directions in harnessing T cells for therapeutic implications.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1215-1220
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• 2004

Cell adhesion to any material surface is considered to be fundamental and important phenomenon in the fields of tissue engineering. Cell adhesion molecules, mechanism, and attachment force have been studied and described a lot. However, the effects of mechanical stimuli on the adhesive forces still have been left much to be investigated. In this study, to investigate the changes in cell adhesive force due to resting time period during the intermittent hydrostatic pressurizing (IHP), cells were cultured under the IHP with various resting times. Then the cell adhesive forces were measured quantitatively utilizing a cell detachment test system and immunofluorescent staining was performed using fluorescent microscopy. In the results, immediately after mechanical stimuli (150 minutes after seeding) and one hour later (210 minutes after seeding), the average adhesive force of experimental group 5 (resting time: 15min) compared with that of control group at same culture time was increased significantly (p<0.05). The results indicated that IHP can contribute in improving cell adhesive force and some of time intervals were required for the expression of cell response.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2002

We investigated seasonal variation of diurnal activity patterns in Jeiu ponies (Equus caballus). The data were collected from a semi-natural herd during daylight hours from March to September 1998. Over all months the mean proportion of time spent grazing was 83.7% ( $\pm$29.7 S.D.): that resting was 15.7$\pm$17%, grooming 0.7$\pm$1.2%, and moving 0.56$\pm$5.4%, Activity patterns varied with the seasons. The mean proportion of grazing mares peaked during late winter and early spring (March), when there was not enough food, and declined during other seasons (between May and September), when food was abundant. The mean proportion of mares that were resting and mutual grooming peaked in spring (April and May), at which time the weather was warm and food became abundant. During other seasons when grasses started to grow and the weather was mildly cool, these activities were less common. The mean proportion of mares that were moving peaked in June, although it was a small proportion of the total activity. For those mares without foals, resting periods were longer in older mares than in younger mares, but for the mares with foals this pattern was not evident. From these data, we hypothesize that the dominance hierarchy of the mares effects the diurnal activity pattern.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2016

Cytological changes of the epithelial cells according to the developmenatal phases of the seminal vesicle related to the spermatogenic stages in the testicular lobules during spermagenesis in male Neptunea (Barbitonia) cumingii (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) were investigated monthly by electron microscopical and histological observations. N. (B) cumingii is dioecious, and an internal fertilization species. The male genital organ is located near the tentacles. The spermatozoon is approximatley $50{\mu}m$ in length. The axoneme of the tail flagellum consists of nine pairs of microtubles at the periphery and one pair at the center. The process of germ cell development during spermatogenesis can be divided into five succesive stages: (1) spermatogonia, (2) primary spermatocytes, (3) secondary spermatocytes, (4) spermatids, and (5) spermatozoa. A considerable amount of spermatozoa make their appearance in the testicular lobules (or acini) and some of them are tranported from the testis towards the seminal vesicles until late July. In this study, the developmental phases of the epithelial cells of the seminal vesicles of N. (B.) cumingii could be classified into four phases: (1) S-I phase (resting), (2) S-IIphase (early accumulating), (3) S-III phase (accumulating), and (4) S-IV phase (spent). However, in case of N. (B.) arthritica cumingii, the developmental phases of the seminal vesicle were devided into three phases: (1) resting, (2) accumulating and (3) spent. Granular bodies in the inner layer of the seminal vesicles are involved in resorption of digestion of residual spermatozoa.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.357-363
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• 1996

For the production of D-lactic acid from DL-2-chloropropionic acid, about 80 strains of bacteria capable of assimilating DL-2-chloropropionic acid as a sole carbon and energy source were isolated from the soil. JH-007 strain that showed the higest productivity of D-lactic acid and didn't produce L-lactic acid from DL-2-chloropropionic acid was selected from them and identified as Pseudomonas sp. The optimal conditions for the production of D-lactic acid from DL-2-chloropropionic acid were examined. The resting cells of JH-007 cultured in LB medium containing 3 g/l of DL-2-chloropropionic acid were used as an enzyme source. The reaction mixtures for the maximal production of D-lactic acid were consist of 10 g/l of resting cells and 3 g/l of DL-2-chloropropionic acid in 125 mM sodium carbonate buffer. The optimal pH for the reaction was 10.0 and the optimal temperature was 30$\circ$C. When 1 g/l of DL-2-chloropropionic acid was added intermittently to the reaction mixture under the above condition, 5.72 g/l of D-lactic acid was produced after incubation of 5 hrs. This amount of D-lactic acid corresponded to a 98.4% yields and the optical purity was 99.8%.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.665-671
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• 1994

For the production of pyrogallot from gallic acid, about 100 strains of bacteria capable of assimilating gallic acid as a sole carbon and energy source were isolated from the soil. JH- 004 strain showing the highest activity of gallate decarboxy#lase was selected from them and identi- fied as Erwinia sp. The optimal conditions for the production of pyrogallol from gallic acid were examined. The resting cells of JH-004 cultured in a complex medium containing 0.2%(w/v) gallic acid were prepared after the treatment of the pellet with a freezing and thawing, and used as a enzyme source. The reaction mixtures for the maximal production of pyrogallol were shown to be 6 g/l of resting cells and 15 g/l of gallic acid in 25 mM potassium phosphate buffer. The optimal pH for the reaction was 5.0 and the optimal temperature was 35$\circ$C . Additionally, Triton X-100(0.01%, w/v) was found to be most effective for the production of pyrogallol. Under the above conditions, 10.27 g/l of pyrogallol was produced from 15 g/l of gallic acid after incubation of 35 hrs. This amount of pyrogallol corresponds to a 92.37% yields, based on gallic acid.