• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.39-48
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• 2008

Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference of treatment effects and allergic responses to stiff neck between Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture and Sweet Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture. Methods Forty one patients who felt stiff neck were randomly divided into two groups, a Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture group(group I) and a Sweet Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture group(group II). Evaluations of the treatment effects were made before and after a treatment using Visual Analog Scale(VAS), Neck Disability Index(NDI), Clinical Evaluation Grade(CEG). The comparison of allergic responses was measured with VAS. The obtained data were analyzed and compared with SPSS. Results The group I and group II showed significant improvement(p<0.05) according to the VAS, NDI, CEG. And the differences between the two groups were insignificant according to VAS, NDI, CEG. But allergic responses such as localized edema, localized itching were significantly lower in group II than group I. Conclusions It seems that there are no big different treatment effects between the two groups. Sweet Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture appears to be more effective measurement against allergic reactions than the Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture. Further studies are needed for the comparison of Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture and Sweet Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1-13
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• 2008

Objective : This study is investigate the effects of Sagunjatang-Ga-Nokyong(SGJ-NY) treatment on regenerative responses of corticospinal tract(CST) axons in the injured spinal cord. Methods :Using rats, we damaged their spinal cord, and then applied SGJ-NY extract to the lesion. Then we observed GAP-43 and NGF protein, astrcyte, axonal regeneration responses and axonal elongation. Result :Determination of GAP-43 and NGF protein levels were increased. And increased proliferation of astrocyte and enhanced processes in astrocytes were observed by SGJ-NY treatment. Higher number of astrocytes within the injury cavity in SGJ-NY treated group were showed, yet CSPG proteins were a weaker staining in the cavity in SGJ-NY. CST axons extended into the cavity and to the caudal area in SGJ-NY treated group were increased. Conclusion : SGJ-NY treatment might increase neural activity in the injured spinal cord tissue, and improved axonal regeneration responses. In this process, activation of astrocytes may play a role in promoting enhanced axonal elongation. the current study show that SGJ-NY exerts positive activity on inducing nerve regeneration responses by elevating neural tissue migration activities.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 1999

Effects of zinc chloride (Zn) on the immune responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were studied by using ICR mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups (10 mice/group), and Zn was given to the mice with i.p. injection at 0.3 mg/kg 5 times a week for 14 days, and 1 hr after Zn administration, LPS was given with i.p. injection at 5 mg/kg twice a week. Mice were immunized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Immunobiological responses were evaluated by humoral, cellular and nonspecific immunity. LPS treatment significantly increased the relative weights of spleen and thymus, hemagglutination titer (HA) and proliferation of splenocytes compared with those in controls, but significantly decreased the body weight gain. Zn treatment significantly increased proliferation of splenocytes and circulating leukocytes compared with those in controls. Combination of Zn and LPS significantly decreased the body weight gain and proliferation of splenocytes compared with those in controls. Combination of Zn and LPS significantly decreased HA and proliferation of splenocytes than in LPS alone. These findings indicate that zinc lowered the humoral immune responses of LPS.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-50
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• 2001

The ability of neonates to perceive and react to pain, has been acknowledged recently. Recent researches have been shown that even short term pain can have lasting negative effects. We know that most of the anatomical pathway and neurotrans-mitter function necessary for pain perception are fully or nearly fully developed in the neonatal period. Many people are still reluctant to believe that pain felt by neonates may be as severe as that felt by older children or adults yet. The objective of the study is to assess and compare the analgesic effects of orally administered sucrose and pacifiers. And to determine the synergistic analgesic effects of sucrose and pacifiers. The tools for this study is Lawrence's NIPS (neonatal infant pain scale) with behavioural pain responses and index for pain physiological reponses as heart rate, respiratory rate and degree of SaO₂. The participants are 96 healthy infants of neonatal age 1-7days and randomised to receive heel prick before 2minutes to blood sampling and physiological test in Nursery of K Medical University Hospital on May-July, 2000. The experimental group assigned to one of three treatment groups : no treatment; a pacifier; placebo(2ml 25％ sucrose). Collected data were analyzed with the SAS program using X²-test, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test as post hoc. The results were as follows. 1) Pain behaviour responses: The pain score of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is lower than no treatment group and pacifier group significantly(P=.000). Placebo group is different from no treatment and pacifier group with Duncan's multiple range test. 2) Pain physiologic responses (1) heart rate: The heart rate of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group significantly(P=.000). The heart rate change of placebo group is less than the other groups. (2) respiratory rate: The respiratory rate of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group insignificantly (P=.2340). But, the respiratory rate of placebo group is lower than the other groups. (3) SaO₂: The SaO₂ score of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group insignificantly (P=.3265). But, the change of SaO₂ score of placebo group is less than the other groups. In conclusion, the sucrose placebo showed pain relief effect in behavior responses and less physiological responses. Accordingly, the sucrose placebo should be applied nursing intervention for simple pain management as heel prick.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 2006

The interaction effects of ozone $(O_3)$ and anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum) disease were examined in green fruits and seedlings of pepper (Capsicum annuum). Pre-treatment with $(O_3)$ as a factor causing predisposition to the disease prior to infection was investigated in green fruits and stems using an $(O_3)$ concentration of 150 nL/L, which is easily reached in summer in Korea. $(O_3)$ treatment increased antioxidative responses in pepper foliar tissues, and defense against anthracnose was examined in fruits and stems. Anthracnose severity on stems of the $O_3-treated$, ozone-sensitive 'Dabotop' cultivar was always lower than that on untreated plants, but the difference was not always significant (p=0.147). Significantly lower anthracnose severity was found on $O_3-treated$ green 'Dabotop' fruits as compared to untreated green fruits in three of eight replicate experiments. In contrast, hypersensitive responses in 03treated seedlings were significantly accelerated compared to those in untreated seedlings by about 7.8 h (p<0.001). This confirmed previous evidence of increased transcription of plant defense genes with $(O_3)$ treatment. $(O_3)$ treatment significantly decreased chlorophyll concentrations in the leaves in four replicate experiments (p<0.01). $(O_3)$ increased hypersensitive responses in the leaves of pepper seedlings, but this increase did not contribute to the control of anthracnose severity on fruits. Antioxidant reactions to $(O_3)$ were limited to chlorosis and changes in hypersensitive responses in leaves.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.466-472
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• 1997

Vegetable perilla, "Ipdlkkae 1"(Perilla frutescens var japonica Hara), was tested about the flowering and maturing responce in summer and winter. In summer season, it was researched about those responses according to the change of seeding date from May 15th to Oct. 15th at one month interval in the field. "Ipdlkkae 1" flowered Oct. 2nd under the day length of eleven hours and fourty-one minutes, compared with Sep. 6th (day length of twelve hours and fourty-three minutes) of "Yepsildlggae". And those responses showed that vegetable perilla was have to seeded before July 15th for two reason. The first is a unique response of perilla to day length. If perilla stay under short-day condition for some days, perilla will flower after four weeks. The second is a weather, especially frost and cold. In the test of latest seeding at Oct. 15th, the plants flowered more late than normal flowering period and they were not able to mature for frost of early winter. And this result showed that any other species, which has the characteristic of later flowering than that of "Ipdlkkae 1", could not able to mature in the field. In winter time, this species was tested about the same responses according to the change of short-day treatments. In the case of the test from May 1st (above fourteen hours day length), even if the test plants were stayed under short-day condition for more than 10 days, they were not able to mature, but flowerd. From the test of Apr. 15th, day length of thirteen hours, the plants were showed variable reaction to the short-day treatment. In this test, 11days for short-day treatment was a basic day to decide whether flowering was delayed or not. In the test from Apr. 1st, perilla seeds were able to harvest at least 5 days short-day treatment. In the final test from Mar. 15th, it had no need to take short-day treatment for harvesting of normal seeds, because the day length of that are twelve hours, which is an enough time to induce flowering and maturing, previously reported.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.216-225
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• 2014

The present study was designed to investigate whether ethylacetate (EtOAc) fraction extracted from Rubus coreanum affect the contractility of the isolated thoracic aortic strips and blood pressure of normotensive rats. The EtOAc fraction ($400{\mu}g/mL$) significantly depressed both phenylephrine (PE, $10{\mu}M$)- and high $K^+$ (56 mM)-induced contractile responses of the isolated thoracic aortic strips in a concentration-dependent fashion. In the simultaneous presence of L-NAME (an inhibitor of NO synthase, $300{\mu}M$) and EtOAc ($400{\mu}g/mL$), both PE- and high $K^+$-induced contractile responses were recovered to the corresponding control level in comparison with inhibition of EtOAc-treatment alone. Moreover, in the simultaneous presence of EtOAc after pretreatment with 0.4% CHAPS, both PE- and high $K^+$-induced contractile responses were recovered to the corresponding control level compared to the inhibitory response of EtOAc-treatment alone. Also, in anesthetized rats, EtOAc fraction (0.3~3.0 mg/kg) injected into a femoral vein dose-dependently produced depressor responses. This hypotensive action of EtOAc fraction was greatly inhibited after treatment with phentolamine (1 mg/kg), chlorisondamine (1 mg/kg), L-NAME (3 mg/kg/30 min) or sodium nitroprusside ($30{\mu}g/kg/30 min$). Intravenous infusion of EtOAc fraction (1.0~10.0 mg/kg/30 min) markedly inhibited norepinehrine-induced pressor responses. Taken together, these results demostrate that EtOAc causes vascular relaxation in the isolated rat thoracic aortic strips as well as hypotensive action in anesthetized rats. These vasorelaxation and hypotension of EtOAc seem to be mediated at least by the increased NO production through the activation of NO synthase of vascular endothelium, and the inhibitory adrenergic modulation.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.126-134
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to propose an efficient treatment approach for infection with different candida species. Methods: Fifty-three patients who presented with a chief complaint of oral mucosal pain and exhibited positive candida culture findings were divided into two groups (Candida albicans and non-albicans). Pain, mucosal manifestations, salivary flow rates, durations of disease and treatment, and responses to treatment (nystatin and clonazepam) were investigated in both groups. Results: Patients in the C. albicans group exhibited more prominent clinical characteristics (erythematous lesions, tongue coatings, and hyperalgesia) than those in the non-albicans group. In total, 70% of patients in the non-albicans group showed no abnormalities in the oral mucosa. Patients in the C. albicans group showed increased resistance to nystatin treatment compared to those in the non-albicans group, especially with longer disease durations. The patients resistant to nystatin treatment showed positive responses to clonazepam. Conclusions: Patients with oral mucosal pain should be tested for the presence of Candida, even in the absence of mucosal abnormalities, especially those infected with non-albicans species. If no response to antifungal therapy is observed, treatment with clonazepam should be initiated, especially in patients infected with C. albicans.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.191-197
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• 2016

The present study was to evaluate effects of vitamin E on intravenous administration of lidocaine-induced antinociception. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Orofacial formalin-induced nociceptive behavioral responses were used as the orofacial animal pain model. Subcutaneous injection of formalin produced significant nociceptive scratching behavior. Intraperitoneal injection of 5 and 10 mg/kg of lidocaine attenuated formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in the 2nd phase, compared to the vehicle-treated group. Intraperitoneal injection of 1 g/kg of vitamin E also attenuated the formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in the 2nd phase, compared to the vehicle-treated group. However, low dose of vitamin E (0.5 g/kg) did not affect the nociceptive behavioral responses produced by subcutaneous injection of formalin. The present study also investigated effects of intraperitoneal injection of both vitamin E and lidocaine on orofacial formalin-induced behavioral responses. Vehicle treatment affected neither formalin-induced behavioral responses nor lidocaine-induced antinociceptive effects. However, intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 g/kg of vitamin E enhanced the lidocaine-induced antinociceptive effects in the 2nd phase compared to the vehicle-treated group. Intraperitoneal injection of naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, did not affect antinociception produced by intraperitoneal injections of both vitamin E and lidocaine. These results suggest that treatment with vitamin E enhances the systemic treatment with lidocaine-induced antinociception and reduces side effects when systemically treated with lidocaine. Therefore, the combined treatment with vitamin E and lidocaine is a potential therapeutic for chronic orofacial pain.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2021

Asthma is a chronic obstructive lung disease characterized by recurrent episodes of bronchoconstriction and wheezing. Conventional asthma treatment involves the suppression of airway inflammation or improving airway flow. Rosmarinus officialis, also known as rosemary, is a Mediterranean plant that is used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Carnosol, a diterpenoid found in rosemary extracts, has been known to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidant effects. The effect of carnosol on allergic responses has not been tested yet. The effect of carnosol on a murine allergic asthma model were investigated. Carnosol inhibited the degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cells. Carnosol treatment inhibited the increase in the number of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of mice treated with ovalbumin. Carnosol treatment also inhibited inflammatory responses and mucin production in histologic studies. Carnosol treatment inhibited the increases of IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines expression in both BALF and the lungs. These results suggest that carnosol may have a potential for allergic asthma therapy.