• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.6 no.2 s.11
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• pp.103-112
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• 2006

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical safety and effect with and without additional submucosal midazolam to oral chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine when used for pediatric conscious sedation in a clinical dental environment. Methods: Thirty one cases of pediatric conscious sedations were performed in this study. Selection criteria included good health (ASA I), under 6 years old, 20 kg of body weight, uncooperative behavior and the need for sedation to receive dental treatment including anesthesia and restorative or surgical procedure for at least two teeth. In each visit, patients were randomly assigned into one of two groups; CH group: chloral hydrate (60 mg/kg), hydroxyzine (1 mg/kg), CH-M group: chloral hydrate (60 mg/kg). hydroxyzine (1 mg/kg) and submucoal midazolam (0.1 mg/kg). 50% nitrous oxide-oxygen was maintained during the sedation period Sedations were monitored using a pulse oximeter for estimating pulse rate (PR) and percutaneous oxygen saturation ($SpO_2$). Behavior response rated using Houpt's scale and need of restraint was assessed every 2 minutes through 30 minutes of operative procedure reviewing the videotape recording. Evaluation of overall behavior success was performed using modified overall behavior rate of Houpt's scale. Data was analyzed using t-test. Results: PR and $SpO_2$ for both groups remained within the normal values. The mean scores for sleep and movement of CH-M group were higher than those of CH group (P < 0.05). There were no significant difference in mean score for crying between two groups. The mean scores of overall behavior of CH-M group was higher than those of CH group (P < 0.01). Reinstraint of CH-M group was less required than that of CH group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Oral chloral hydrate (60 mg/kg) and hydroxyzine (1 mg/kg) combined with submucosal injection of midazolam was safer and showed more improved sedation effect than oral chloral hydrate (60 mg/kg) and hydroxyzine (1 mg/kg) without midazolam for sedation of pediatric dental patients.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.71-85
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• 2010

Dynamic analyses of tunnels are widely performed in practice in Korea. Accurate performance of a dynamic analysis is very difficult, requiring appropriate application of lower and lateral boundary conditions, deconvolution, constitutive model, and selection of dynamic soil properties etc. Lack of a systematic guideline on how to perform the dynamic analysis makes it even more difficult to perform an analysis. In addition, dynamic analyses are not needed in most cases and pseudo-static analyses are more than adequate. However, they are performed without a clear understanding on the need for the dynamic analysis and differences between the two methods. In this study, firstly, a guideline for correctly performing a 2D dynamic analysis is developed. Secondly, the differences in the tunnel responses using dynamic and pseudo-static analyses are discussed and compared. The results show that the discrepancies between the dynamic and static analyses are not significant for most cases. It is therefore recommended that the dynamic analyses be performed at tunnel portal, very soft ground, or in cases where spatial variation of the ground motion needs to be considered in the seismic analysis of tunnels in transverse direction.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.1C
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• pp.43-52
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• 2006

Despite several constitutive models have been proposed and applied, it is still difficult to choose a suitable model and to estimate adequate analysis parameters. Furthermore, a cyclic shear behavior under the volume change caused by the seepage is more complex. None of the constitutive model is available at present in the expression of the cyclic behavior of soil under an additional volume change condition by seepage. Therefore, a new geotechnical hybrid simulation system which can control the pore water immigration was developed. The system enables a quantitative evaluation of the residual deformation such as lateral spreading and settlement caused by the liquefaction. The seismic responses in a one-dimensional slightly inclined multilayered soil system are taken into consideration, and the soils are governed by both equation of motion and the continuity equation. Furthermore, the estimation and the selection of the soil parameter for the representation of the strong nonlinearity of the material are not required, because soil behaviors under the earthquake motions are directly introduced instead of a numerical soil constitutive model. This paper presents the concept and specifications of the system. By applying the system to an example problem, the permeability effect on the seismic response during cyclic shear is studied. The importance of the volume change characteristics of sandy soil during and after cyclic shear is shown in conclusion.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.11
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• pp.815-822
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• 2023

Organic pollution is one of the most common forms of water contamination. Under the Water Quality Conservation Act, indicators for measuring organic substances include BOD, COD, and TOC. Analysis of BOD and COD is labor-intensive, and in the case of organic substances where biological decomposition is not feasible or toxic substances are present, the accuracy is often low. Therefore, the Ministry of Environment is shifting towards TOC-centric management. With advancements in sensor technology today, various parameters can be monitored using sensors. In this study, digital monitoring of river TOC using a spectrophotometer called Spectro::lyser V3 was conducted. Initially, experiments were carried out at the Andong River Experiment Center to assess the applicability of the measurement equipment. Subsequently, data collected at the confluence of the Nakdong River was analyzed for the spatial distribution of TOC using the Kriging technique. This research proposes the utilization of sensors for river TOC monitoring and spatial distribution analysis. Real-time monitoring of changes in river TOC concentration can serve as fundamental data for pollution monitoring and response. Sensor-based river monitoring offers advantages in terms of temporal resolution and real-time data acquisition. When various spatial information interpretation methods are applied, it is expected to contribute to diverse studies such as aquatic ecological health, river water source selection, and stratification analysis in the future.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.77-93
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• 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant social changes through government prevention and control measures, changes in people's risk perceptions, and lifestyle changes. In response, urban inhabitants changed their behaviors significantly, including their preferences for transportation modes and urban spaces in response to government quarantine policies and concerns over the potential risk of infection in urban spaces. These changes may have long-lasting effects on urban spaces beyond the COVID-19 pandemic or they may evolve and develop new forms. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential for urban spaces to adapt to the present and future pandemics by examining changes in urban residents' preferences in travel modes and urban space use due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study found that overall preferences for travel modes and urban spaces significantly differ between the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods. During the pandemic, preferences for travel modes and urban spaces has decreased, except for privately owned vehicles and green spaces, which are perceived to be safe from transmission, show more favorable than others. Post-pandemic preferences for travel modes and urban spaces are less favorable than pre-pandemic with urban spaces being five times less favorable than transportation. Although green spaces and medical facilities that were positively perceived during the pandemic are expected to return to the pre-pandemic preference level, other factors of urban spaces are facing a new-normal. The findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on urban residents' preferences for travel modes and urban space use. Understanding these changes is crucial for developing strategies to adapt to present and future pandemics and improve urban resilience.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2012

Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene is a member of the IRF-family, and plays functionally diverse roles in the regulation of the immune system. In this report, the 13,720 bp porcine IRF6 genomic DNA structure was firstly identified with a putative IRF6 protein of 467 amino acids. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the porcine IRF6 amino acid sequences with their homologies to other species showed high identity (over 96%). Tissues expression of IRF6 mRNA was observed by RT-PCR, the results revealed IRF6 expressed widely in eight tissues. One SNP (HQ026023:1383 G>C) in exon7 and two SNPs (HQ026023:130 G>A; 232 C>T) in the 5′ promoter region of porcine IRF6 gene were demonstrated by DNA sequencing analysis. A further analysis of SNP genotypes associated with immune traits including IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL10 concentrations in serum was carried out in three pig populations including Large White, Landraces and Songliao Black pig (a Chinese indigenous breed). The results showed that the SNP (HQ026023:1383 G>C) was significantly associated with the level of IFN-${\gamma}$ (d 20) in serum (p = 0.038) and the ratio of IFN-${\gamma}$ to IL10 (d 20) in serum (p = 0.041); The other two SNPs (HQ026023:130 G>A; 232 C>T) were highly significantly associated with IL10 level in serum both at the day 20 (p = 0.005; p = 0.001) and the day 35 (p = 0.004; p = 0.006). Identification of the porcine IRF6 gene will help our further understanding of the molecular basis of the IFN regulation pathway in the porcine immune response. All these results should indicate that the IRF6 gene can be regarded as a molecular marker associated with the IL10 level in serum and used for genetic selection in the pig breeding.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.220-223
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• 2012

A new cultivar $Dendranthema$ $grandiflourm$ 'Dream Water' was developed at Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Korea in 2009. The cultivar 'Dream Water' was initially derived from the cross in 2005 between 'Patra', a spray chrysanthemum cultivar with yellow single type, and 'Ruces', a spray chrysanthemum cultivar with white single type. The cultivar has single type with ivory petals. Trial evaluation was conducted from 2006 to 2009 for selection of this variety, including a shading culture in spring and a retarding culture in summer. The flowering time of 'Dream Water' was October 24th, and year-round flowering is possible by shading or lighting treatment. The diameter of the flower is 56.0 mm. Number of flowers per stem and petals per flower are 11.1 and 26.8, respectively. Its leaf color was green (Green Group 147A) and plant height was 89.7 cm. Days to flowering under the short day treatment is about 54 in spring, and diameter of flower center was 1.4 cm in the summer. The vase life was 16.7 days in autumn and consumer's preference of new spray chrysanthemum is high level than control.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.517-521
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• 2013

A new cultivar Dendranthema grandiflourm 'Dream Round' was developed at Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services (GARES), Korea in 2010. The variety 'Dream Round' was initially derived from a cross in 2006 between 'Hebo' a seed parent, a spray chrysanthemum cultivar with white anemone type, and 'Samos' as a pollen parent, a spray chrysanthemum variety with white anemone type. The cultivar has anemone type with white petals. Trial evaluation was conducted from 2008 to 2010 for the selection of that cultivar, including a shading culture in spring and a retarding culture in summer. The flowering time of 'Dream Round' was October 24th, and year-round flowering was possible by shading or lighting treatment. The diameter of flower of 'Dream Round' was 34.1 mm. Numbers of flowers per stem and petals per flower of 'Dream Round' were 12.8 and 26.1, respectively. Its leaf color was green (Green Group 147A) and plant height was 92.4 cm. Days to flowering of 'Dream Round' under the short day treatment was about 54 in spring, and diameter of flower of 'Dream Round' was 34.2 mm in the summer. The vase life of 'Dream Round' was 21.7 days in autumn.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.161-176
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• 1999

A powerful numerical method that can be used for modeling rock-structure interaction is the Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (D D A) method developed by Shi in 1988. In this method, rock masses are treated as systems of finite and deformable blocks. Large rock mass deformations and block movements are allowed. Although various extensions of the D D A method have been proposed in the literature, the method is not capable of modeling water-block interaction, sequential loading or unloading and rock reinforcement; three features that are needed when modeling surface or underground excavation in fractured rock. This paper presents three new extensions to the D D A method. The extensions consist of hydro-mechanical coupling between rock blocks and steady water flow in fractures, sequential loading or unloading, and rock reinforcement by rockbolts, shotcrete or concrete lining. Examples of application of the D D A method with the new extensions are presented. Simulations of the underground excavation of the \ulcornerUnju Tunnel\ulcorner in Korea were carried out to evaluate the influence of fracture flow, excavation sequence and reinforcement on the tunnel stability. The results of the present study indicate that fracture flow and improper selection of excavation sequence could have a destabilizing effect on the tunnel stability. On the other hand, reinforcement by rockbolts and shotcrete can stabilize the tunnel. It is found that, in general, the D D A program with the three new extensions can now be used as a practical tool in the design of underground structures. In particular, phases of construction (excavation, reinforcement) can now be simulated more realistically.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.76-85
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• 2014

To establish the necessary safety technology in high-pressure toxic gas facilities, especially for the corrosion, which is the main causes of toxic gas accident, this study adopts and investigates the API-581 procedures developed by the American Petroleum Institute (API). And the applicability of the 8-step analytical procedures of consequence analysis in API-581 is discussed, and a method for consequence analysis in high-pressure toxic gas facilities is suggested. Based on the discussion and results, the analytical procedure is simplified as the 6 steps in total for the effective application to high-pressure toxic gas facilities: Step 1 (determination of representative material), Step 5 (determination of release type), Step 6 (determination of phase of fluid), and Step 8 (estimation of damage range) are not applied: Step 3 (estimation of total amount of release) is applied only for the inventory group concept; Step 4 (estimation of release rate) only for the gas release rate; and all of Step 2 (selection of release hole size) and Step 7 (evaluation of post-release response) are applied. In the proposed method, the generally applicable method of CCPS is adopted as alternative method for Steps 5 and 8.