• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.670-674
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• 2005

The respiratory quinone profile was used as a tool for the study on microbial community structure in the mine tailings of abandoned mines over the depth. For the study, the area of Jingok mine located in Bongwha, Korea has been selected. The distributions of Cd, Cu, Pb, Al, Fe and Mn showed the following common patterns; the highest values in the upper part of mine failings (0-20 cm), rapid decrease with increasing depth. The dominant quinone species of the mine tailings were UQ-9 followed by UQ-10, suggesting that microbes had contributed to heavy metal degradation. The quinone contents in mine tailings ranged from 5.0 to 24.9 nmol/kg. The microbial diversity in the upper part of mine tailings (0-40 cm) was higher than that of lower part of mine tailings (100-120 cm).

• 음성과학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.69-89
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• 1998

The aim of this study is to develop an objectively method of speech evaluation for children with cleft palates. To assess velopharyngeal function, Visi-Pitch, Computerized Speech Lab. (CSL), Nasometer and Palatometer were used for this study. Acoustic parameters were measured depending on the diagnostic instruments: Pitch (Hz), sound pressure level (dB), jitter (%) and diadochokinetic rate by Visi-Pitch, VOT and vowels formant ($F_1\;&\;F_2$) by a Spectrography and the degree of hypernasality by Nasometer. In addition, Palatometer was used to find the lingual-palatal patterns of cleft palate. Ten children with cleft palates and fifty normal children participated in the experiment. The results are as follows: (1) Higher nasalance of children with cleft palates showed the resonance disorder. (2) The cleft palate showed palatal misarticulation and lateral misarticulation on the palatogram. (3) Children with cleft palates showed the phonatory and respiratory problems. The duration of sustained vowels in children with cleft palates was shorter than in the control groups. The pitch of children with cleft palates was higher than in the control groups. However, intensity, jitter and diadochokinetic rate of children with cleft palates were lower than in the control group. (4) On the Spectrogram, the VOT of children with cleft palates was longer than control group. $F_1\;&\;F_2$ were lower than in the control group.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.243-250
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• 2003

Eight numerically dominant 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid (2,4-DB)-degrading bacteria and three pairs of bacteria showing syntrophic metabolism of 2,4-DB were isolated from soils, and their phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics were investigated. The isolates were able to utilize 2,4-DB as a sole source of carbon and energy, and their 2.4-DB degradative enzymes were induced by the presence of 2.4-DB. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences indicated that the isolates were related to members of the genera, Variovorax, Sphingomonas, Bradyrhizobium, and Pseudomonas. The chromosomal DNA patterns of the isolates obtained by polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) amplification of repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequences were distinct from each other. Four of the isolates had plasmids, but only one strain, DB 1, rad a transmissible 2,4-D degradative plasmid. When analyzed with PCR using primers targeted to the tfdA, B, and C genes, only strains DB2 and DB9a produced DNA bands of the expected sizes with the tfdA and C primers, respectively. All of the isolates were able to degrade 2,4-D as well as 2,4-DB, suggesting that the degradation pathways of these compounds were closely related to each other, but respiratory activities of many isolates adapted to 2,4-DB metabolism were quite low with 2,4-D.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.279-284
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of head posture and respiratory pattern on muscle activities of sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and scalene during maximal respiration. The seventeen subjects with upper-costal breathing pattern were participated in this study. Surface electromyography was used to measure the muscles activities of SCM and scalene. The volume and velocity of inspiration were monitored by using the spirometer in each subject. Each subject was performed the 3-cycle of respiration in each condition. The mean values of three peak muscle activity in each muscle were used in the data analysis. A2 (head posture: forward head posture: FHP vs. neutral posture) X 2 (breathing pattern: costal vs. diaphragmatic) repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the normalized muscle activities of the SCM and scalene. The results showed that the muscle activities of SCM and scalene in diaphragmatic breathing were significantly lower than those in costal breathing for each head posture (p<.0125). The muscle activities of SCM in neutral position were lower than those in forward head position during costal breathing (p<.0125). The diaphragmatic breathing in neutral position of head is recommended to decrease the tension of the accessory inspiratory muscles during respiration in neck-pain patients with FHP.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.292-300
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• 2021

Macrophages residing in various tissue types are unique in terms of their anatomical locations, ontogenies, developmental pathways, gene expression patterns, and immunological functions. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) reside in the alveolar lumen of the lungs and serve as the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. The immunological functions of AMs are implicated in the pathogenesis of various pulmonary diseases such as allergic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), viral infection, and bacterial infection. Thus, the molecular mechanisms driving the development and function of AMs have been extensively investigated. In this review article, we discuss the roles of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in AM development, and provide an overview of the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory functions of AMs in various contexts. Notably, we examine the relationships between the metabolic status of AMs and their development processes and functions. We hope that this review will provide new information and insight into AM development and function.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.475-487
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• 2022

Background: Use of opioids for chronic intractable pain is increasing globally, and their proper use can improve patients' quality of life. In contrast, opioid use disorders, such as abuse or addiction, caused by prescribing opioids, are a worldwide issue. This study aimed to understand current opioid prescribing patterns and pain physicians' experiences with opioid use in South Korea. Methods: Pain physicians in 42 university hospitals in South Korea were asked to complete anonymous questionnaires regarding opioid prescriptions. Results: A total of 69 surveys were completed. Most pain physicians started prescribing opioids at a pain score of 7/10 and aimed to reduce pain by 50%. Most physicians (73.1%) actively explained the prescribed medications and possible side effects, and 61.2% of physicians preferred the prescription interval of 4 weeks. Immediate-release opioids were the most popular treatment for breakthrough pain (92.6%). The most common side effect encountered by physicians was constipation (43.3%), followed by nausea/vomiting (34.3%). Of the physicians, 56.5% replied that addiction and misuse prevalences were less than 5%. However, the most concerning side effect was addiction (33.0%). Conclusions: The survey results showed that the prescribing patterns of pain physicians generally followed Korean guidelines. Physicians were most interested in the safety and effectiveness of opioid prescriptions. They were most concerned about respiratory depression and abuse or addiction. A significant number of physicians agreed that the NHIS regulations needed improvement for patient convenience and safe and effective treatment, though there were pros and cons of the NHIS restrictions on prescription conditions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 1996

연구배경: 다제 내성 폐결핵 환자의 임상적 특성과 약제별 내성률, 치료에 영향을 미치는 인자, 이차 약제로 인한부작용, 치료내용 및 차료성적 등을 살펴 보고자 하였다. 대상: 약제 감수성 검사상 두가지 이상의 일차 약제에 동시 내성을 보이는 환자를 대상으로 후향성 연구를 시행하였다. 치료 결과의 판정은 정기적으로 6개월 이상 추적 관찰이 가능했던 환자만을 대상으로 치료후 호전을 1개월 이상의 간격으로 시행한 가래 검사상 3회 이상 음성이고 방사선 소견이 호전되거나 6개월 이상 변화가 없는 경우로, 치료 실패를 6개월간의 치료에도 균 음전화가 되지 않거나 방사선 소견상 악화를 보이는 경우로 정의하였다. 대상 환자들은 감수성 검사 결과에 따라 감수성 약제를 4제 이상 투여하여 치료받았다. 결과: 1) 총 71예와 환자를 대상으로 조사한 결과 35예(49%)에서 방사선상 공동을 관찰할 수 있었고 평균 4.1개의 약물에 내성을 지니고 있었는데 90%가 INH, RFP 동시 내성을 보였다. 2) 치료 결과의 판정이 가능하였던 55예중 35예(67%)의 환자가 치료후 호전을 보였으며 치료 실패는 18예(33%)이었다. 일차 내성 환자가 5예이었는데 치료 결과 판정이 가능하였던 4예는 모두 치료에 성공하였다. 3) 약제 부작용은 14예(20%)에서 나타났는데 간기능 악화가 6예로 가장 많았고 어지러움증 5예, 고요산 혈증을 동반한 관절통이 3예, 이명 3예 등의 순이었다. 이들 부작용의 절반 이상이 투약후 3개월 이내에 발생 하였다. 4) 약제 감수성 검사를 반복했을 때 INH, RFP의 경우 100% 가까운 일치율을 보였고 EMB, PZA 80% 정도 나머지 약물은 50% 미만이었다. 5) 5예의 환자가 수출을 받았고 이 중 1예는 항결핵 화학 요법의 보조적 치료로 수술을 했는데 균 음전화에 성공하였다. 결론: 다제 내성 폐결핵 환자에서도 규칙적인 약물 복용과 적절한 처방으로 약 2/3 정도에서 호전이 관찰되어 적극적인 항결핵 화학 요법을 시행해야 할 것으로 생각되지만 치료와 예후 판정에 도움이 되는 인자를 찾지는 못하였다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.486-491
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• 2007

배 경: 결핵성흉막염환자에서 흉수 내 아데노신 탈아민효소(ADA) 활성도와 CT에서 흉막의 조영증강 양상과의 연관성에 대해 알아보고자 하였다.방 법: 2002년 2월부터 2006년 10월까지 결핵성흉막염으로 진단되고 동시에 조영증강 CT를 시행한 44명을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결핵성흉막염의 진단은 흉수 내 ADA활성도와 추적검사(24/44), 객담도말이나 배양(16/44), 흉막배양(3/44), 그리고 흉막조직검사(1/44)로 얻었다. 흉수 내 ADA활성도 값이 40-70 U/L인 환자는 I군(12명)으로, 71 U/L이상인 환자는 II군(32명)으로 분류하였다. CT에서 흉막의 조영증강 유무, 최대 흉막두께, 조영증강의 양상을 분석하였다. 흉막의 조영증강 양상은 미만성(diffuse)인지 국소성(focal)인지, 매끈(smooth)한지 불규칙(irregular)한지, 혹은 단절성(Interrupted)인지 연속적(continuous)인지로 나누어 분석하였다. I군과 II군 사이에 CT 소견의 차이가 있는지를 분석하였다. 통계적 방법은 T 검정, 카이제곱검정 그리고 비율의 검정을 사용하였다.결 과: 44명 모두 CT에서 흉막의 조영증강이 관찰되었다. I군과 II군의 흉막의 최대 두께는 각 $1.83{\pm}1.03mm$ (1-4 mm), $3.63{\pm}1.78mm$ (18 mm)이어서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p= 0.0002). 특히, I군의 흉막비후의 두께는 모든 예에서 4 mm 이하이었고, 5 mm 이상으로 흉막이 두꺼워진 경우는 II군에서만 31.3%(10/32) 있었다. I군은 미만성이고 단절성인 흉막비후(diffuse, interrupted pleural enhancement)를 보인 예가 91.7% (11/12), 미만성이고 연속적인 흉막비후를 보인 예가 8.3%(1/12)있었고, II군은 각각 62.5%(20/32), 37.5% (12/32) 있었다. I군보다 미만성이고 연속적인 흉막비후(diffuse and continuous pleural enhancement)를 보인 예가 II군에서 많았으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다(p=0.0748).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1967

The metabolic patterns of C-1 and C-6-carbon atoms of glucose were observed in the tissue homogenates of the Ehrlich ascites tumor tissue which was incubated for 3 hours in the Dubnuff metabolic shaking incubator. $C^{14}-1-and\;C^{14}-6-glucose$ were used as tracers. The glucose media in which tissue homogenate was incubated was kept at a concentration of 200mg% glucose of carrier and appropriate amount of $C^{14}-1-or\;C^{14}-6-tracer$. At the end of 3 hour incubation, respiratory $CO_2$ samples trapped by alkaline which is placed in the tenter well of incubation flask were analyzed for the total $CO_2$ production rates and their radioactivities. The tissue homogenate samples after incubation were analyzed for their concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glycogen and calculations were made on the glucose consumption rate, pyruvate and lactate accumulation rates. The following results were obtained. Data obtained in each group are as follows: 1. In the tissue homogenate, which was incubated with $C^{14}-1-glucose as a substrate, total $CO_2$ production rate averaged $19.0{\pm}5.0{\mu}M/hr/gm$ and the mean specific activity of respiratory $CO_2$ was $840{\pm}296\;cpm/mgC.$ Relative specific activity (RSA) which means the fraction of $CO_2$ derived from medium $C^{14}-1-glucose$ to total $CO_2$ production rate was calculated by ratio of SA of respiratory $CO_2$ and medium $C^{14}-1-glucose.$ RSA was $14.3{\pm}5.0%,$ Accordingly actual $CO_2$ production rate from medium $C^{14}-1-glucose$ showed a mean value of $2.79{\pm}1.35\;{\mu}m$ of which amount was equivalent to the mean value of total glucose consumption rate $(RGDco_2)$, namely, $5.1{\pm}1.3%.$ Lactate and pyruvate appearance rates averaged $7.13{\pm}1.26\;and\;0.21{\pm}0.02{\mu}M/hr/gm,$ respectively. Assuming that these 3 carbon compounds appeared in the medium were derived from glucose, calculations were made that relative glucose disappearance rate into lactate $(RGD_L)$ was $38.0{\pm}5.4%\;and\;RGD_P$ was $1.23{\pm}0.03%.$ Therefore, about 43.3% of the total glucose consumed were accounted for by conversion into the respiratory $CO_2$, lactate and pyruvate. 2. In the second group, which was incubated with $C^{14}-1-glucose$ as a substrate, glucose consumption rate, lactate and pyruvate appearance rates showed almost the same order as the values of the $C^{14}-1-glucose$ substrate group. However, RSA was remarkably decreased showing a mean value of $1.02{\pm}0.13%.$ This fact means that the C-6 carbon of glucose take the minor part in the oxidative metabolism of glucose. The glycogen level in both substrate tissue homogenate showed less than 0.3% of tissue weight. These low value suggested that there was an inhibition of carbohydrate synthesis in the Ehrlich ascites tumor tissue. 3. The catabolic pathway of glucose in the tumor tissue were analyzed on the basis of Bloom's principle from the values of RSA. It was found that in the tumor tissue more than 90% of $CO_2$ derived from glucose were oxidized via the alternate pathway other than principal EMP-TCA cycle such as hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP). From the data described above, it was assumed that in the Ehrlich tumor tissue anaerobic glycolysis proceeds normally although, the oxidation of products of anaerobic glycolysis via the TCA cycle is inhibited resulting in the accumulation of lactate and almost all of oxidative energy from glucose is released by oxidative pathway such as HMP.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2013

닭에서 기도 상피세포는 호흡기 관련 질병 연구에 있어 제한된 외부 환경 및 조건하에 동물 생체 외 실험을 진행할 수 있다는 점에서 중요한 연구재료로써 이용될 수 있다. 최근에 쥐, 인간, 햄스터 등에서 상피세포의 1차 배양 방법이 확립되었으며, 닭에서도 초기 바이러스 감염 경로 기관에 대한 병독성을 진단하고, 감염 메커니즘을 규명하기 위해서 기도 상피세포 배양 방법의 확립이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 20일령 병아리의 기도 내 상피세포층에서 기도 상피세포를 분리하였으며, 분리된 기도 상피세포의 1차 배양을 수행하였을 때 전형적인 기도 상피세포의 형태인 섬모를 관찰할 수 있었고, 15일에서 20일 이상 배양 시에도 그 형태를 유지할 수 있다는 사실을 확인하였다. 또한 상피세포 마커 유전자(retinoic acid responder, FGF-binding protein, virus activating protease(VAP))를 이용하여 배양된 기도 상피세포에서 기도 상피세포 특이적인 유전자가 섬유아세포주에 비하여 높게 발현한다는 사실을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 1차 배양된 기도 상피세포의 ND 바이러스 감수성을 알아보기 위하여 각각 0.1 MOI와 1 MOI의 ND 바이러스를 1차 배양된 기도 상피세포에 체외 감염시켰을 때, 12.6%와 48.2%의 감염율을 보였다. 또한 섬유아세포주에 1 MOI의 ND 바이러스를 감염시켰을 때 13.5% 감열율을 보여, 1차 배양된 기도 상피세포가 ND 바이러스에 3배 이상 높은 바이러스 감수성을 나타내는 결과를 확인하였다. 그러므로 본 연구는 향후 닭에서 바이러스성 호흡기 질환의 감염 경로 및 메커니즘을 연구하고, 나아가 질병의 예방 및 치료에 있어서 중요한 기초자료로써 이용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.