• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 1991

Airborne suspended particulate concentration in drilling sites of underground coal mines in Taebaek area was evaluated. And respirable coal dust exposure level was evaluated. Airborne suspended particulate mass include total suspended particle(TSP) and thoracic particle(TPM). TSP (by open-face filter holder) and TPM(by elutriator) concentration were determined by low volume air samplers. Personal air samplers were attached to the coal workers including drillers, coal cutters, and their assistants. Normality and log-normality of TSP, TPM, and respirable dust(RPM) concentration were tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test. Differences of means of TSP, TPM, and RPM concentration were tested by paired t-test. Relation between TSP, TPM, and RPM with pairs were tested by regression test and Pearson's correlation.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1994

Sungnam city, as a major satellite town, is located in the southeast of Seoul. Atmospheric conditions are so stable that air pollutants from various emissions are tend to resist change because Sungnam city is located in the Namhansansung valley. The industrial distribution of Sungnam city are composed of various manufactories such as foods, fibers, chemicals, machinery and electronics etc. The heavy metal concentrations and size distribution are the most important parameters influencing among the way in which respirable suspended particulate matter interact with the human respiratory system. Respirable suspended particulate matter was collected on glass fiber filters from April 1993 to February 1994 according to particle size using Anderson sampler during 10 days per month at Sungnam city. 6 heavy metals, Fe, Zn, Pb Mn, Cu and Cd, were analyzed by particle size with atomic absorption spectrophotometry . The results could be summarized as follows: 1. The annual arithmetic mean concentration of total suspended particulate was 116.3$\mu $g/m$^{3}$ m', seasonal variation was the highest in spring season(196.5$\mu $g/m$^{3}$) and the lowest in Summer Season(72.9$\mu $g/m$^{3}$). 2. The ratio of airborne particulate concentrations respirable to nonrepairable( Res/Non- Res) of annual arithmetic mean value was 5.8'1, seasonal variation was highest in the spring season(6.3 : 1) and lowest in the summer season(4.6 : 1). 3. During the spring season the shape of the size distribution was trimodal which showed peaks at 3 size groups, which were below of 0.43$\mu $m, 3.3∼4.7$\mu $m and above of 11.0$\mu $g/m$^{3}$ respectively. 4. Respirable suspended particulate matter concentrations of Zn, Pb Cu and Cd were the highest in below of 0.43$\mu $m as follows; 0.517$\mu $g/m$^{3}$, 0.411 $\mu $g/m$^{3}$, 0.062$\mu $g/m$^{3}$ and 0.0310$\mu $g/m$^{3}$ , respectively, Fe and Mn were the highest in the particle size range of 4.7 ∼ 7.0$\mu $m as follows; 2.504$\mu $g/m$^{3}$ and 0.095$\mu $g/m$^{3}$, respectively. 5. The Pt Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn concentrations of annual arithmetic mean value respirable to non- respirable( Res/Non- Res ) were 33.65, 19.27, 17.74, 10.54, 3.20 and 5.20, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 1989

The heavy metal of suspended particulates with human health has long been studied in environmental interest concerned. This study was intended to identify harmful heavy metals of the ambient air borne dusts which were related with the respirable sizes in the aerodynamics. Two sampling sites were selected comparatively; one was in the Shinchon area, which is the commercial district with heavy traffic and the other site was in the Bulgwang area which is residential area. The supended particulates were sampled by high volume air sample with 6 cascade impactor stages. The heavy metals in terms of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn were determined by stomic absorption spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The samples weretaken bimothly for seven consecutive days from May 1987 to March 1988. The annual average concentration of the respirable suspended dust of which diameter is less than 10$\mum$ was 152.59 $\mug/m^3$ of the Shinchon air samples; the respirable dust was equivalent to approximately 85% of the total suspended particulates. The annual average concentration of the respirable suspended dust of the Bulgwang air samples was 112.56 $\mug/m^3$; that was approximately 86% of the total suspended particulates. The concentration of heavy metals was investigated in relation to the particle size. The concentration of Cr, Fe, Mn and V were tended to be much more in the coarse particles than in the fine particles. Cd and Pb in the fine particles were more than in the coarse particles. In the partial correlation coefficients; in the Shinchon area, high correlations among Fe, Se and Mn were determined; it is assumed that those sources would be originated from coal, gasolineand diesel. In Bulgwang area, would be high correlation among Fe, Se, Hg and Mn considered to be originated from coal, Bunker-C and heavy oil as well. From the above results, the hazardous heavy merals in air should be measured and controlled in originally their sources.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.19 no.1 s.19
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• pp.130-136
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• 1986

The particle size of suspended particulates was measured by a Anderson air sampler from Mar. 1982 to Feb. 1984 in a part of Seoul. It was concluded as follows : 1) The arithmetic concentration of suspended particulates was $147.8{\mu}g/m^3$ in Spring, 136.9 in Summer, 131.9 in Autumn and 158.1 in Winter respectively. 2) The cumulative distribution of suspended particulates size in logarithmic diagram showed similar to normal log distribution. 3) The atmospheric particulate matters showed a bimodal size distribution on the base of unit particle concentrations, which divided at approximately $2{\mu}m$ in the diameter. 4) While the fine particulates less than $2.1{\mu}m\;was\;35.4{\sim}45.0%$, the coarse particulates was $55.0{\sim}64.5%$. 5) The higher the concentration of suspended particulates, the more increased the ratio of fine particulates. The higher the concentration of suspended particulates, the lower median size of suspended particulate as well. 6) The respirable dust particulates less than $4.7{\mu}m\;was\;52.2{\sim}62.9%$ in seasonal average through the 2 year samples. With the above result, air pollution concerned with public health could be evaluated and the control measures also are suggested.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 1995

Authors investigated the size distribution and mass fraction of dusts in work environment of Changwon industrial complex. Size distribution of suspended dusts in welding and grinding processes were evaluated using ambient cascade impactors. The mass median diameters of dusts were 0.25 to $0.60 \mu m$ at welding sites and 1.20 to $1.92 \mu m$ at grinding sites. Respirable mass fractions were 63.68 to 73.50% at welding sites and 43.24 to 51.47% at grinding sites. Respirable fractions were calculated from the size distribution data for the ACGIH criteria by the respirable particle mass. In case of dust removal system, electrostatic precipitator and bag filter were appropriate for welding process and grinding process, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 1988

To improve working environment for the toll workers who were working at Kyungbu expressway in outskirts of Seoul and Suwon, the status of air pollution surrounding toll booth were measured from March 28 through June 14, 1986. The results were as follows: 1. The amount of TSP (total suspended particle) surrounding toll booth was directly proportional to the traffic load. The ratio of traffic load at Seoul and Suwon toll was 3.2:1 and of TSP was 2.6:1. 2. The proportion of particle larger than 5$\mum$ was 24.8 $\sim$ 34.9% of TSP at Seoul toll and 19.2 $\sim$ 32.7% at Suwon. The proportion of particle less than 2$\mum$ was 38.7 $\sim$ 51.8% of TSP at Seoul toll and 34.8 $\sim$ 54.8% at Suwon. 3. The concentration of respirable particle les than 7$\mum$ measured by personal air sampler was higher in Seoul toll booth than that of Suwon and it seems to be influenced by the exhausion of diesel engine. Especially the concentration of respirable particle of reformed toll booth with air curtain was 20% lower than unreformed one. 4. Concentration of Pb among suspended particles around Seoul toll was 5 times higher than Pb of Suwon toll. So it is considered that there were other possible pollution source of Pb beyond heavy traffic in Seoul toll area. The amount of Pb inside toll booth was extremely small but the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene showed a trend of increase according to traffic stagnation. 5. The concentration of $SO_2$ arround toll showed no difference between weekday and weekend and also showed no relation with traffic load. But the concentration of $NO_2$ was affected by traffic load.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 1988

Sandy dust phenomena was observed from April 19 to 23, 1988 in Seoul and suspended particulate was collected by Andersen air sampler during this period. The samples were analyzed for 16 components $(SO_n^{2-}, NO_3^-, Cl^-, PO_4^{3-}, NH_4^+, F^-, Al, Fe, K, Cu, Mn, Na, Pb, Mg, Ca, Cd)$. The conclusions are as follwes: 1. Total suspended particulate concentation during the period of sandy dust phenomena was 489 $\mug/m^3$ (ordinary times: 140-125 $mug/m^3$) 2. The water - soluble ion component concentration of suspended particulate during the period of sandy dust phenomena was few and the metal concentration of that was more than that of ordinary times. 3. The cumulative frequency distribution of suspended particulates in logarithmic diagram did not show similar to normal log distribution during the period of sandy dust phenomena. 4. $SO_4^{2-}, NO_3^-, Cl^-, and PO_4^{3-}$ was onsided to coarse particle, and $NH_4^+$ and F to fine particle in the size distribution of water - soluble ion components during the period of sandy dust phenomena. 5. Metal concentration was high and Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Na, Mg, and Ca was onsided to coarse particle, and K, Pb, and Cd to fine particle in the size distribution of metal components. 6. During the period of sandy dust phenomena the quantity of respirable particle (< 1 $\mum$) was about 3 times and that of metal components were about 2 - 11 times than that of ordinary times. 7. The concentrations of $NO_3^-, Cl^-, NH_4^+$ at ordinary times were 1.1 - 4 time than that of the period of sandy dust phenomena.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.148-152
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• 2008

Coated filters were developed to replace the glass impinger methods that use reagent solutions. The purpose of this study was to simultaneously measure nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) and respirable suspended particles (RSP) by a filtration method with a cyclone connected to a pump. A first pre-filter for RSP and second filter for $NO_2$, which was soaked in a TEA (Triethanolamine) solution, were loaded into a filter cassette with a pump flow rate of 1.7 l/m. After sampling, the TEA soaked filter was removed from the cassette, placed in a large test tube (10 ml), mixed, and allowed time to develop. The absorbance (abs) of the diazo compound of the $NO_2$ and N-(1-Napthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride) in the color reagent was measured at 545 nm on a spectrophotometer. The collection efficiency(%) of $NO_2$ by each 3 filter soaked in TEA solution and used in the cyclone with a pump flow rate 1.7 l/m was $89{\pm}3%$ and the correlation coefficient between the true $NO_2$ concentration and that determined by the TEA soaked filters was 0.993(p<0.001).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.52-57
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the air pollution in Hwasoon Nulitjae tunnel for two months, from August 1992 to September 1992. The total suspended particles were collected by high volume air sampler at inside and outside of Hwasoon Nulitjae tunnel, of which major water soluble component and heavy metalic element were analyzed. Size distribution and respirable mass fraction of aerosol at inside were measured by filters on nine stages Andersen air sampler. The average concentration of TSP at inside was 657.57 $\mu$g/m$^3$, which appeared about 9.2 times as high as that of 71.47 $\mu$g/m$^3$ at outside. The decrease effect caused by using new tunnel was 31.2%. As a result of correlation analysis between concentration of TSP at inside of Hwasoon Nulitjae tunnel and that at outside, correlation coefficient was 0.713. The average concentrations of SO$_4^{2-}$ , NO$_3^-$, CI$^-$ were 43.02 $\mu$g/m$^3$, 19.86 $\mu$g/m$^3$, 4.96 $\mu$g/m$^3$, those of NH$_4^+$, Na$^+$, K$^+$ 1.42 $\mu$g/m$^3$, 4.45 $\mu$g/m$^3$, 2.89 $\mu$g/m$^3$ and those of Ca$^{2+}$, Mg$^{2+}$, Pb$^{2+}$ 3.92 $\mu$g/m$^3$, 2.27 $\mu$g/m$^3$. 1.52 $\mu$g/m$^3$, respectively. It was estimated that mass fraction rate of respirable particle at inside was about 84.54% of aerosol. The average concentration of suspended particle to be collected by Andersen sampler was 478.90 $\mu$g/m$^3$, this was about 72.8% of that by high volume air sampler.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 1992

The characteristics of suspended particulate matters(dust) in Seoul had been studied. The effects of various environmental factors, such as passengers, motor vehicles, wind velocity, wind direction, temperature and humidity were examined during the study period. It was shown that the dust emission occurred through the heating was the major source, and the contribution of passengers and motor vehicles was relatively negligible during the night. It was also revealed that the number concentration between $0.5{\mu}m$ and $2.0{\mu}m$ was increased due to the attachment among the dusts and mists by the increased humidity during the night. Considering the fact that the particles larger than $2{\mu}m$ take the most part of weight concentration, it was suggested that the PM-10 method which considered respirable particle as a weighting factor should be adapted in the evaluation air quality.