• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.147-164
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• 2008

When measuring the value of environmental attributes of housing, the conventional Hedonic Pricing Method assumes market equilibrium. Thus each attribute is believed to be implicitly valued based on the market price. The revealed preference is the basic logic in this approach. However, if the participants in the housing market are not perfectly informed or feel vagueness regarding the attributes of the housing, the conventional Hedonic Pricing Approach could not provide relevant value of the attribute in question. A Fuzzy Regression Method is suggested to handle with the lack of information or preference uncertainty problem m the Hedonic Pricing Approach. In this paper, our main concern IS given to the fuzziness effect on the airport noise in the metropolitan areas of South Korea.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.569-593
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• 2005

This study tests for the law of one price and Grander Causality between the EU ETS and Nord Pool $CO_2$ allowance prices. The Johansen cointegration test shows that there exists a long run equilibrium between EU ETS and Nord Pool prices and support the law of one price. The Granger casuality test suggests that the EU ETS leads Nord Pool for all vintages traded. The test results imply that the EU ETS can be regarded as the representative carbon market in the EU where many exchanges just started competing for the newly rising market for carbon.

• Nano
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.1850123.1-1850123.9
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• 2018

The cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified montmorillonite (MMT) was synthesized via a novel "dissolution and reassembly" method. To determine the optimal formula, the adsorption of C.I. Reactive Red 2 (X3B) with CTAB/MMT was investigated. The optimal CTAB/MMT nanocomposite was used to remove 2,6-dichlorophenol and p-nitrophenol from aqueous solutions. The adsorption results can be described by Langmuir isotherm, and the adsorption capacities were 200 mg/g and 125 mg/g for 2,6-dichlorophenol and p-nitrophenol, respectively. To realize the quick separation and recycle, the magnetic CTAB/MMT was further strategized and synthesized. The adsorption equilibrium time was 15 min for both contaminants; the ions' strength showed a little bit of influence on the adsorption performance. In addition, compared with acidic condition, neutral condition was more beneficial to the adsorption reaction. Due to the addition of $Fe_3O_4$, the adsorption capacities of this magnetic nanocomposite for 2,6-dichlorophenol and p-nitrophenol were a little bit decreased, which were 170 mg/g and 91 mg/g, respectively. However, the magnetic nanocomposite can be separated within 30 s under an external magnetic field, which would be useful in the practical application.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.719-746
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• 2014

This study attempts to estimate the value of the water quality improvement by deriving the equilibrium price of the water pollutant emission permit for the imaginary water pollutant emission trading market. It is reasonable to say that there is already an implicit social agreement for the unit value of water pollutant, when the government set the Total Water Pollutant Loading System for the major river basin as a part of the Comprehensive Measures for Water Management, particularly for the Nakdong River Basin. Therefore, we can derive the unit value of water pollutant emission, which is already implied in the pollution allowance for each city or county by the Total Water Pollutant Loading System. Once estimated, it will be useful to the economic assessment of the water quality related projects. An imaginary water pollutant emission trading system for the Nakdong River Basin, where Total Water Pollutant Loading System is already effective, is constructed for the estimation of the equilibrium price of water pollutant permit. By estimating marginal abatement cost curve or each city or county, we can compute the equilibrium price of the permit and then it is regarded as the economic value of the water pollutant. The marginal net benefit function results from the relationship between the emission and the benefit, and then the equilibrium price of permit comes from constructing the excess demand function of the permit by using the total allowable permit of the local government entity. The equilibrium price of the permit would be estimated to be $1,409.3won/kg{\cdot}BOD$. This is within reasonable boundary compared for the permit price compared to foreign example. This permit price would be applied to calculate for the economic value of the water quality pollutants, and also be expected to use directly for the B/C analysis of the business involved with water quality change.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.323-332
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• 2001

A cultural landscape results from a combination of human activities for resource-use and the response of nature to such artificial interference. Nature provides resources necessary for human life on the Earth in terms of his survival as well as living. Humanbeing has developed civilization using the benefits that nature provides. In the past, a harmonious relationship between mankind and nature had ensured sustainability of resource-use for human. We can find such facts from the existence of cultural landscape. However, rapid economic growth and a development-oriented logic caused from such socio-economic change led to the environmental crises and the depletion of various resources at global level. In the perspective of preparation for such problems, we investigated the background for establishment, function, and value of cultural landscapes, in which a dynamic equilibrium exists between a supply of natural resources and human needs. Furthermore, we discussed a new economic model including ecological consideration, a strategy for ecological management of environment, and a framework for transmission of traditional culture to new generations on the basis of a cultural landscape regime.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.129-156
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• 2012

This study analyzes the contribution to the national economy of the stable water supply through managing multi-purpose dam. For the analysis, we consider 17 major multi-purpose dams and build a CGE model with summer water and winter water being the production factors as the base year of 2007. We analyze the economic impact of meeting water demand due to the dam management and estimate the risk premium of reducing the uncertainty of water supply. The analysis results show a significant production decrease in the industries of agriculture, forestry and fisheries and tap water as well as the food and beverage industry using the former industries' output as intermediates in the production and show an production increase largely in steel industry and electronic and electrical industries. Being compared to the benchmark solution, GNP is analyzed as being reduced by 0.22~0.68%. Meanwhile, the risk premium is estimated to be about 4 billion to 24 billion won for the value 01 the measure of relative risk aversion in the range 01 0.5 to 3.0.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.299-325
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• 2003

This study uses Conrad's model(nominal fishing effort) of a fishery to analyze theoretically the effects of cost changes on fishing effort, harvest level, and stock size. Static and dynamic open access effects are also modeled present value maximizing scenarios through simulations, and compared an extended model, Cunningham's model(diminishing fishing effort). Results show that an increase in the unit cost of effort goes up the fish stock in static open access, but open access dynamics shows the exhaustion of fish stock as the unit cost of effort decreases. In conclusion, we can derive the optimal equilibrium of resource, given conditions and parameters, as well as utilize this comparative statics to efficient fishery management.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.771-804
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• 2010

This paper estimates optimal production of fish stock using discrete time bio-economic model to make zero profits or to maximize economic profits with maintaining sustainable resource levels under an open access and a sole owner. Particularly, this study generates optimal yields and efforts of large purse seine fisheries which catch mackerel and jack mackerel by using the logistic growth function, Cobb-Douglas production function, fisheries cost and profit functions. As a result, optimal yields of mackerel and jack mackerel under ecological equilibrium of a sole owner were approximately 172,512 tons and 16,937 tons respectively. Also, optimal fishing efforts of mackerel and jack mackerel under the same situation were about 8,508 hauls and 4,915 hauls respectively. In conclusion, the paper suggests that the large purse seine should reduce fishing efforts and increase fish stock to generate higher net present value in optimally managed fishery than that of the present large purse seine.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.687-708
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• 2017

The machine-to-machine (M2M) communication is featured by tremendous number of devices, small data transmission, and large uplink to downlink traffic ratio. The massive access requests generated by M2M devices would result in the current medium access control (MAC) protocol in LTE/LTE-A networks suffering from physical random access channel (PRACH) overload, high signaling overhead, and resource underutilization. As such, fairness should be carefully considered when M2M traffic coexists with human-to-human (H2H) traffic. To tackle these problems, we propose an adaptive Slotted ALOHA (S-ALOHA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) hybrid protocol. In particular, the proposed hybrid protocol divides the reserved uplink resource blocks (RBs) in a transmission cycle into the S-ALOHA part for M2M traffic with small-size packets and the TDMA part for H2H traffic with large-size packets. Adaptive resource allocation and access class barring (ACB) are exploited and optimized to maximize the channel utility with fairness constraint. Moreover, an upper performance bound for the proposed hybrid protocol is provided by performing the system equilibrium analysis. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with pure S-ALOHA and pure TDMA protocol under a target fairness constraint of 0.9, our proposed hybrid protocol can improve the capacity by at least 9.44% when ${\lambda}_1:{\lambda}_2=1:1$and by at least 20.53% when ${\lambda}_1:{\lambda}_2=10:1$, where ${\lambda}_1,{\lambda}_2$ are traffic arrival rates of M2M and H2H traffic, respectively.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.4748-4765
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• 2016

We consider a virtualized cognitive radio (CR) network, where multiple virtual network operators (VNOs) who own different virtual cognitive base stations (VCBSs) share the same physical CBS (PCBS) which is owned by an infrastructure provider (InP), sharing the spectrum with the primary user (PU). The uplink scenario is considered where the secondary users (SUs) transmit to the VCBSs. The PU is protected by constraining the interference power from the SUs. Such constraint is applied by the InP through pricing the interference. A Stackelberg game is formulated to jointly maximize the revenue of the InP and the individual utilities of the VNOs, and then the Stackelberg equilibrium is investigated. Specifically, the optimal interference price and channel allocation for the VNOs to maximize the revenue of the InP and the optimal power allocation for the SUs to maximize the individual utilities of the VNOs are derived. In addition, a low‐complexity ±‐optimal solution is also proposed for obtaining the interference price and channel allocation for the VNOs. Simulations are provided to verify the proposed strategies. It is shown that the proposed strategies are effective in resource allocation and the ±‐optimal strategy achieves practically the same performance as the optimal strategy can achieve. It is also shown that the InP will not benefit from a large interference power limit, and selecting VNOs with higher unit rate utility gain to share the resources of the InP is beneficial to both the InP and the VNOs.