• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2011

While high-definition precipitation maps with a 270 m spatial resolution are available for South Korea, there is little information on geospatial availability of precipitation water for the famine - plagued North Korea. The restricted data access and sparse observations prohibit application of the widely used PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) to North Korea for fine-resolution mapping of precipitation. A hybrid method which complements the PRISM grid with a sub-grid scale elevation function is suggested to estimate precipitation for remote areas with little data such as North Korea. The fine scale elevation - precipitation regressions for four sloping aspects were derived from 546 observation points in South Korea. A 'virtual' elevation surface at a 270 m grid spacing was generated by inverse distance weighed averaging of the station elevations of 78 KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) synoptic stations. A 'real' elevation surface made up from both 78 synoptic and 468 automated weather stations (AWS) was also generated and subtracted from the virtual surface to get elevation difference at each point. The same procedure was done for monthly precipitation to get the precipitation difference at each point. A regression analysis was applied to derive the aspect - specific coefficient of precipitation change with a unit increase in elevation. The elevation difference between 'virtual' and 'real' surface was calculated for each 270m grid points across North Korea and the regression coefficients were applied to obtain the precipitation corrections for the PRISM grid. The correction terms are now added to the PRISM generated low resolution (~2.4 km) precipitation map to produce the 270 m high resolution map compatible with those available for South Korea. According to the final product, the spatial average precipitation for entire territory of North Korea is 1,196 mm for a climatological normal year (1971-2000) with standard deviation of 298 mm.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.147-163
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to compare precipitation distributions in precipitation data sets over South Korea produced by three interpolation methods. The differences of precipitation caused by interpolation methods is an important information when the interpolated precipitation data sets were used in researches such as ecological and hydrological modeling as well as regional climate impact studies. In this study, the precipitation data sets were produced by IDW(Inverse Distance Weighting) and Cokriging in this study and the PRISM(Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) data set obtained from Climate Change Information Center of Korea. The spatial resolution of the precipitation data is 1km. As a result, there was a great precipitation difference caused by interpolation methods in data of mountainous watersheds in general. Especially the difference of monthly precipitation was 10~20% or more in the mountainous watersheds near the Military Demarcation Line dividing North and South Korea, Mt. Sobaik, Mt. Worak, Mt. Deogyu, Mt. Jiri and Taeback Mountain Range. It means that a final result of a research can be affected by adopted interpolation method when an interpolated precipitation data set is used in the research for the these study sites.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2001

A new type of modular mirror manipulator with independent adjustability was developed for the EPU6 beamline under construction at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. The mirror manipulator was designed so that the angular displacements of roll and pitch rotations do not introduce translational displacements and are independent with each other by positioning the mirror center to the center of a newly devised spherical joint. Manipulating its roll and pitch micrometers, the rotation angles of a dummy mirror were measured at an accuracy of 5 $\mu$rad using a gravity-referenced inclinometer. While the designed angular resolution was 3.937 $\mu$rad/$\mu\textrm{m}$, measured angular resolutions were 3.94 $\mu$rad/$\mu\textrm{m}$ for roll rotation and 3.85 $\mu$rad/$\mu\textrm{m}$ for pitch rotation. The effect of roll rotation on pitch angles was measured to be -3.18% and the effect of pitch rotation on roll angles was measured to be -5.21%. As the mirror manipulator was designed with emphases on independent adjustability and standardization, it results in eases of manufacturing, installation and adjustment as well as reductions of development period and design cost of mirror manipulators for various types of mirrors.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.9-14
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• 2009

This paper describes measurement of an on-ship power supply noise in mixed-signal integrated circuits. To measure the on-chip power supply noise, we can check the effects of analog circuits and compensate it. This circuit consists of two independent measurement channels, each consisting of a sample and hold circuit and a frequency to digital converter which has a buffer and voltage controlled oscillator(VCO). The time-based voltage information and frequency-based power spectrum density(PSD) can be achieved by a simple analog to digital conversion scheme. The buffer works like a unit-gain buffer with a wide bandwidth and VCO has a high gain to improve resolution. This circuit was fabricated in a 0.18um CMOS technology and has 2.06mV/count. The noise measurement circuit consumes 15mW and occupies $0.768mm^2$.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.43-75
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• 2018

The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) was created to focus on the procedural complexity in the resolution of sports-related disputes, confidentiality, the matter of expenses, and the necessity of prompt settlement in the field of international sports. The CAS had originally launched as one of bodies of International Olympic Committee (IOC), but later it became properly operational as an independent organization to facilitate sports-related disputes when the International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS), which came into force in accordance with the Paris Agreement in 1984 and has acted in place of IOC, took responsibility for the administration and financing of the CAS. The CAS is composed of four divisions, the Ordinary Arbitration Division and the Appeals Arbitration Division, the Ad hoc Division created later in 1996 and the CAS Anti-Doping Division (CAS ADD) established as from 2016 only to conduct proceedings and to issue decisions on an alleged anti-doping rule violation, and two (Sydney and New York) permanent decentralized offices. The head office of the CAS is Lausanne, Switzerland. Since CAS ADD was established, CAS Ad hoc Division has had jurisdiction over the appeal case against a decision pronounced by the IOC, an NOC, an international Federation or an Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. Although there are so many virtues of CAS as a resolution authority for sports-related disputes in terms of its organization, arbitration rules and procedures, it is also true that the CAS has not been showing the consistency. The CAS should overcome these issues through much more advanced system and its instant and fair decisions.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.68
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• pp.123-148
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• 2015

Central Asian Countries had been independent in 1991 from USSR. Since then it have been increasing foreign trade and investment amount with outside countries including China, Japan, EU and South Korea. Korean enterprises and entities have endeavored to secure plentiful natural resources, oil and gas energy and expand the market share to exporting the consuming and industrial competitive goods and services for those countries. In the case of disputes of commercial transactions and investment, arbitration is regarded as a dispute resolution system which has been preferred in international transactions and investments by the business world. Since the collapse of the USSR, Central Asian Countries have worked to modernize its arbitration law and procedure to conform with international standard rules. Arbitral legislation in Central Asian countries is based on the Model Law as adopted in 1985. However, CIS's legislation systems of arbitration are not satisfied with the international standard in national laws and practices. That is the reason to consider for the specific parliament about arbitration for the dispute resolutions in the commercial transaction and investment between Korean enterprises and CIS. In this article, it is discuss problems and its alternatives in the dispute resolution about the commercial transaction and investment into Central Asian countries including the tendency to the increasing the trade volumes of goods and investment between South Korea and CIS. According to this article, South Korea consider the long term strategy followed the preferred economic relative partnership for business success on commercial transaction and investment with the Central Asian Countries.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.71-97
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• 2012

There has been an upward trend in smartphone sales in Korea as well as the rest of the world. Even though smartphones are now at the peak of their popularity, the fact that they are somewhat limited in terms of their usages for certain purposes is unexpected. Precisely, compared to PC, smartphones typically have smaller display screens with a lower resolution, which make them difficult to use in general. For instance, when customers search the information about products in mobile shopping malls, due to the smaller screen with a low resolution smartphone users may realize that it is not easy and convenient not only to search the information, but also to read the information they found in the shopping malls. This restriction could become one of reasons that lowers the perceived quality of information in the shopping malls, which in turn leads to the reluctance to use the shopping malls. A comprehensive information systems (IS) literature review found that there has been little empirical evidence on perceived information quality that affects smartphone users' intention to use mobile shopping malls. The purposes of this study is to examine 1) the effects of perceived information quality on smartphone users' intention to use mobile shopping malls and 2) the relationships among behavioral beliefs in the middle of independent and dependent variables, such as information satisfaction, perceived usefulness, and customers' attitude toward mobile shopping. A survey was conducted in March 2012. College students and practitioners took participated in the survey. Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) was used for all data analysis. The results found that there is a strong relationship between perceived information quality and smartphone users' intention to use mobile shopping malls. In addition, this study also showed that there are strong relationships among behavioral beliefs. Further research is expected to validate the findings of this study and apply them in specific contexts.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2016

Optical fiber temperature sensing systems have incomparable advantages over traditional electrical-cable-based monitoring systems. However, the fiber optic interrogators and sensors have often been rejected as a temperature monitoring technology in real-world industrial applications because of high cost and over-specification. This study proposes a multiplexed fiber optic temperature monitoring sensor system using an economical Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) and Hard-Polymer-Clad Fiber (HPCF). HPCF is a special optical fiber in which a hard polymer cladding made of fluoroacrylate acts as a protective coating for an inner silica core. An OTDR is an optical loss measurement system that provides optical loss and event distance measurement in real time. A temperature sensor array with the five sensor nodes at 10-m interval was economically and quickly made by locally stripping HPCF clad through photo-thermal and photo-chemical processes using a continuous/pulse hybrid-mode laser. The exposed cores created backscattering signals in the OTDR attenuation trace. It was demonstrated that the backscattering peaks were independently sensitive to temperature variation. Since the 1.5-mm-long exposed core showed a 5-m-wide backscattering peak, the OTDR with a spatial resolution of 40 mm allows for making a sensor node at every 5 m for independent multiplexing. The performance of the sensor node included an operating range of up to $120^{\circ}C$, a resolution of $0.59^{\circ}C$, and a temperature sensitivity of $-0.00967dB/^{\circ}C$. Temperature monitoring errors in the environment tests stood at $0.76^{\circ}C$ and $0.36^{\circ}C$ under the temperature variation of the unstrapped fiber region and the vibration of the sensor node. The small sensitivities to the environment and the economic feasibility of the highly multiplexed HPCF temperature monitoring sensor system will be important advantages for use as system-integrated temperature sensors.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.319-327
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• 2012

In this paper, we introduce a newly developed photogrammetric software for automatic generation of high quality geo-products and its performance assessment carried out using various satellite images. Our newly developed software provides the latest techniques of an optimized sensor modelling, ortho-image generation and automated Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation for diverse remote sensing images. In particular, images from dual- and multi-sensor images can be integrated for 3D mapping. This can be a novel innovation toward a wider applicability of remote sensing data, since 3D mapping has been limited within only single-sensor so far. We used Kompsat-2, Ikonos, QuickBird, Spot-5 high resolution satellite images to test an accuracy of 3D points and ortho-image generated by the software. Outputs were assessed by comparing reliable reference data. From various sensor combinations 3D mapping were implemented and their accuracy was evaluated using independent check points. Model accuracy of 1~2 pixels or better was achieved regardless of sensor combination type. The high resolution ortho-image results are consistent with the reference map on a scale of 1:5,000 after being rectified by the software and an accuracy of 1~2 pixels could be achieved through quantitative assessment. The developed software offers efficient critical geo-processing modules of various remote sensing images and it is expected that the software can be widely used to meet the demand on the high-quality geo products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 1997

A two-dimensional numerical tidal model with $1/3^\circ$ resolution has been established to investigate the distribution of semidiurnal constituents$(M_2,\;S_2,\;K_2,\;N_2)$ and diurnal constituents$(K_1,\;O_1,\;P_1,\;Q_1)$ of the global ocean. The $1/3^\circ$ numerical model has been applied to the computation of detailed tidal distributions in the marginal seas and the shelf seas. Tidal characteristics in shallow areas could be hardly resolved with the existing global chart due to the low resolution. Computed tidal charts obtained by $1/3^\circ$ numerical model have been compared with the existing global charts and the altimetry-derived tidal charts. Computed harmonic constants have also been com-pared with the pelagic tidal observations. The results obtained with fine-grid numerical model can be used to determine the time-independent sea surface topography by removing the tidal components from the altimetry-derived sea surface height.