• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7179-7188
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• 2015

Cancer is a major health obstacle around the world, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) as major causes of morbidity and mortality. Nowadays, there isgrowing interest in the therapeutic use of natural products for HCC and CRC, owing to the anticancer activity of their bioactive constituents. Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate a variety of health problems such as inflammatory and arthritic diseases. The current study aimed to identify and explore the in vitro anticancer effect of B. Serrata bioactive constituents on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines. Phytochemical analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Oleo-gum-resin of B. Serrata was then successively extracted with petroleum ether (extract 1) and methanol (extract 2). Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the lipoidal matter was also performed. In addition, a methanol extract of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was phytochemically studied using column chromatography (CC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) to obtain four fractions (I, II, III and IV). Sephadex columns were used to isolate ${\beta}$-boswellic acid and identification of the pure compound was done using UV, mass spectra, $^1H$ NMR and $^{13}C$ NMR analysis. Total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo-gum resin were subsequently applied to HCC cells (HepG2 cell line) and CRC cells (HCT 116 cell line) to assess their cytotoxic effects. GLC analysis of the lipoidal matter resulted in identification of tricosane (75.32%) as a major compound with the presence of cholesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol. Twenty two fatty acids were identified of which saturated fatty acids represented 25.6% and unsaturated fatty acids 74.4% of the total saponifiable fraction. GC/MS analysis of three chromatographic fractions (I,II and III) of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of pent-2-ene-1,4-dione, 2-methyl- levulinic acid methyl ester, 3,5- dimethyl- 1-hexane, methyl-1-methylpentadecanoate, 1,1- dimethoxy cyclohexane, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene and 17a-hydroxy-17a-cyano, preg-4-en-3-one. GC/MS analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of sabinene (19.11%), terpinen-4-ol (14.64%) and terpinyl acetate (13.01%) as major constituents. The anti-cancer effect of two extracts (1 and 2) and four fractions (I, II, III and IV) as well as volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines was investigated using SRB assay. Regarding HepG2 cell line, extracts 1 and 2 elicited the most pronounced cytotoxic activity with $IC_{50}$ values equal 1.58 and $5.82{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to doxorubicin with an $IC_{50}$ equal $4.68{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. With respect to HCT 116 cells, extracts 1 and 2 exhibited the most obvious cytotoxic effect; with $IC_{50}$ values equal 0.12 and $6.59{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to 5-fluorouracil with an $IC_{50}$ equal $3.43{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. In conclusion, total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin proved their usefulness as cytotoxic mediators against HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines with different potentiality (extracts > fractions > volatile oil). In the two studied cell lines the cytotoxic acivity of each of extract 1 and 2 was comparable to doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil, respectively. Extensive in vivo research is warranted to explore the precise molecular mechanisms of these bioactive natural products in cytotoxicity against HCC and CRC cells.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1325-1330
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• 2009

A general method has been developed for the solid phase synthesis of drug-like 7-aryl-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)- one derivatives 6. The method relies on a novel, microwave irradiation promoted cyclization reaction of the BOMBA resin bound, N-substituted-$\alpha$-(2-chloro-4-bromophenoxy)acetamide 3 that takes place via a Smiles rearrangement. The 7-bromobenzo[1,4]oxazine 4, produced in this process is converted to 7-aryloxazin analogs 5 by utilizing Suzuki coupling with various substituted arylboronic acids. Finally, the target 7-aryl-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-ones 6 are liberated from the resin by treatment with 5% TFA. The progress of the reactions involved in this preparative route can be monitored by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy on a single bead. The target compounds, obtained by using this five-step sequence, are produced in high yields and purities.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4 s.132
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• pp.53-59
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• 2005

This study was performed to understand the changes in wood extractives, mainly acetone extracts, in pine woods (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida) treated by three blue stain fungi (BSF) such as native BSF in Korea, Leptographium sp., screened Albino strain (BSFcs-1) and commercial Cartapip. BSF treatment has significantly reduced acetone extracts, 25.1~30.4% decreasing in red pine and 22.9~28.1% in pitch pine. The decreasing rates of fatty acids and sterols in woods were 10.6~11.2% by 3 week aging and 36~41.1% by BSF treatments, respectively. Triglycerides were also decreased to 5.68~9.4% by 3 week aging and 38.5~40.0% by BSF treatments, respectively. Resin acids were 6.1~11.3% by 3 week aging and 36~41.5% by BSF treatments, respectively. There were not so significant differences in extracts among native BSF and Albino-type strains (Albino strain, BSFcs-1, and commercial Cartapip). It was known that the Albino strain (BSFcs-1) screened for the biocontrol of wood discoloration has effectively decreased acetone extractives in pine woods.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.976-985
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• 2010

In this study, characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from Lake Paldang and seven other DOM sources (lake plankton, plants, soil, composite, treated sewage) were studied using XAD resin fractionation and 28-day microbial incubation experiment. Distribution patterns of DOM-fractions, which include hydrophilic acids (HiA), hydrophilic bases (HiB), hydrophilic neutrals (HiN), hydrophobic acids (HoA), hydrophobic neutrals (HoN) and the extent of DOM biodegradation (i.e., biodegradability) were different depending on the origins of the DOM samples. The DOM distribution pattern and the biodegradability were found to be effective for distinguishing the different DOM sources. The biodegradability (%) had negative correlations with the content (%) of hydrophobic fractions (Ho) and specific UV absorbance of DOM, which indicate that the Ho fractions contain more aromatic carbon structures and relatively stable during biodegradation, irrespective of the sources. To gain additional insight into the microbial transformation of the DOM, we also investigated the changes in the fraction's distribution for plankton, leaf litter and composite samples after the incubation. The results showed that biodegradation of hydrophilic fraction (Hi) causes an increase in the proportion of Ho (HoA, HoN), while biodegradation of HoA increases the HoN production.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.354-360
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• 1972

Formation of the complexes of barium, strontium and calcium ions with dibasic organic acid ions in dilute solution was studied at room temperature, utilizing the equilibrium exchange technique which involved the uses of radioactive alkaline earth metal ions and cation excbange resin. The organic acids used in this study were succinic and tartaric acids, and the solvents used were water, 20 % acetone-water and 20 % ethanol-water. The pH of the solutions was controlled to 7.2∼7.4, and the ionic strength of the solutions was kept at approximately 0.1. The experimental results indicated that the alkaline earths formed one-to-one complexes in solution with the dibasic acids examined, and that the relative stabilities of the complexes increased in the order: $Ba^{++}; succinic

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.331-335
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• 1989

Polymer bound 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-oximinopyrazoles were prepared through a series of chemical modifications of Merrifield's resin (chloromethylpolystyrene-$1{\%}$ DVB-copolymer). Several polymer active esters of N-blocked amino acids were prepared from the polymer bound 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-oximinopyrazoles. Polymer bound active esters were found to be highly reactive in N-acylation reaction. The resins were tested for the preparation of several dipeptides. The peptides were obtained in high yields within 10 minutes and the progress of the reactions could be easily followed up by the color change of the resin. The resulting peptides were characterized by NMR and other physical methods.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.643-649
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• 2012

Coatings composited with alumina and Perfluoro alkoxyalkane (PFA) resin were deposited on stainless steel plate (SUS304) to further improve corrosion resistance. Plate (ca. $10{\mu}m$) and/or nanosize (27~43 nm) alumina used as inorganic additives were mixed in PFA resin to make alumina-fluoro composite coatings. These coatings were deposited on SUS304 plate with wet spray coating and then the film was cured thermally. According to the amount and ratio of the two kinds of alumina having plate morphology and nano size, corrosion resistance of the film was evaluated under strong acids (HF, HCl) and a strong base (NaOH). The film prepared with the addition of 5~10 wt% alumina powders in PFA resin showed corrosion resistance superior to that of pure PFA resin film. However, for the film prepared with alumina content above 10 wt%, the corrosion resistance did not improve with the physical properties, such as surface hardness and adhesion. The film prepared with plate/nanosize (weight ratio = 1/2) alumina especially enhanced the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. This can be explained as showing that the plate and the nanosize alumina dispersed in PFA resin effectively suppressed the penetration of cations and anions due to the long penetration length and fewer defects that accompany the improved surface hardness under a serious environment of 10% HF solution for over 120 hrs.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.93-97
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• 1999

In order to lower the surface energy of unsaturated polyester(UPE) resin, small amount of siloxane-ester copolymers were incorporated. The copolymers were synthesized by a condensation polymerization using ethylene glycol and hydroxy termintated polydimethylsiloxane as diols and maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride as dibasic acids. The modified UPE resin surface was characterized by dynamic contact angle (DCA), peel strength measurements of pressure sensitive adhesives and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(ESCA). As the copolymer content in the blend and PDMS content in the copolymer are increased, both advancing and receding contact angles against water are increased. The strength required to peel-off the pressure sensitive adhesive tape from the modified UPE resin decreased dramatically with the addition of the copolymer. ESCA results indicated that polydimethylsiloxane segments are predominated at the outer surface of the modified UPE resin.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 1963

Amino acid composition of Makjang was determined by combined usage of ion exchanged resin and paper chormatography in the following states. a. A fraction soluble in water b. Hydrolysate of the whole Makjang c. Same as a. (p.p.t. formed by tungstic acid or trichloroacetic acid being removed) d. Hydrolysate of c. (T and TCA) By comparing amino acid composition of Makjang with that of its raw material, we found that decomposition of essential amino acids during brewing is slight. From the amino acid composition of a,b,c,d, we discussed the ratio of amino acid liberation during brewing and assumed that Makjang contains peptide-like substances composing of glutamic acid and aspartic acid.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2002

The seasonal patterns of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in Lake Kasumigaura, a shallow, eutrophic lake, and serveral DOM sources in its catchment area were investigated. DOM was fractionated using three resin adsorbents into classes: aquatic humic substances (AHS=humic acid+fulvic acid), hydrophobic neutrals (HoN), hydrophilic acids (HiA), bases (BaS) and hydrophilic neutrals (HiN). The DOM produced significantly different fraction distributions depending on the origin of sample. AHS and HiA prevailed over AHS in the lake while AHS and HiA existed at almost the same concentration levels in the rivers. AHS seems to be a more dominant component in rever water than lake water. The dominance of organic acids was also observed in the DOM sources: forest stream (FS), plowed field percolate (PFP), domestic sewage (DS) and sewage treatment plant effluent (STPE).