• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 1992

From August 1982 to December 1991, 58 consecutive infants with tetralogy of Fallot underwent primary repair. Age ranged from 22 days to twelve months [n=58, 8.7$\pm$2.7 months] and body weight from 3.1 to 13 kilograms [n=58, 7.8$\pm$1.7 kilograms]. Qne infant had absence of the pulmonary valve; one had Ebstein`s anomaly and one had supramitral ring. Thirty-two patients [56%] experienced anoxic spell. Preoperative pulmonary artery indices were measured in 38 cases, ranging 126-552mm2/M2BSA[n=38, 251$\pm$79mm2/M2BSA]. All infants required a right ventricular outflow tract patch; in 41, the patch extended across the pulmonary valve annulus, in 13 of them, monocusps were constructed. All had patch closure of ventricular septal defect. Two infants had REV operation for avoiding injury to the canal branch of the right coronary artery which cross the right ventricular out flow tract. Post repair PRV/LV were measured at operating room in 40 cases, which revealed mean value of 0.49$\pm$0.12 [range: 0.25-0.74]. The hospital mortality was 10.3% [6 patients], and causes of deaths were right heart failure due to sustained right ventricular hypertension[4] and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, intractablesuraventricular tachyarrhythmia[1], hypoxia[1] due to residual right to left shunt across the atrial septal defect in patient associated with Ebstein`s anomaly. All infants were doing well at follow-up from 1 to 101 months[20.6 months /patient, 1, 072 patient-month] Serial postoperative echocardiograms revealed no residual ventricular septal defects and estimated RVOT gradients between 0 and 40 mmHg except 3 cases [50, 50, 60 mmHg]. There were no late deaths and late ventricular arrhythmias or congestive heart failure. Redo operations were done in 2 cases because of residual right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. This experience with infants with tetralogy of Fallot suggests that, if mortality is tolerable, eletive repair of tetralogy of Fallot could be reasonably undertaken during the first year of life, and even better results could be anticipated along with improvement of methods of myocardial protection and postoperative care.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.1495-1502
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• 2015

Data compression involves a trade-off between delay time and data size. Greater delay times require smaller data sizes and vice versa. There have been many studies performed in the field of wireless sensor networks on increasing network life cycle durations by reducing data size to minimize energy consumption; however, reductions in data size result in increases of delay time due to the added processing time required for data compression. Meanwhile, as energy generation occurs periodically in solar energy-based wireless sensor networks, redundant energy is often generated in amounts sufficient to run a node. In this study, this excess energy is used to reduce the delay time between nodes in a sensor network consisting of solar energy-based nodes. The energy threshold value is determined by a formula based on the residual energy and charging speed. Nodes with residual energy below the threshold transfer data compressed to reduce energy consumption, and nodes with residual energy above the threshold transfer data without compression to reduce the delay time between nodes. Simulation based performance verifications show that the technique proposed in this study exhibits optimal performance in terms of both energy and delay time compared with traditional methods.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.399-408
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• 2001

Tooth bleaching has been prevailing recently for its ability to recover the color and shape of natural teeth without reduction of tooth material. However, it has been reported that bleaching procedure adversely affects the adhesive bond strength of composite resin to tooth. At the same time the bond strength was reported to be regained by application of some chemical agents. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of the removal of residual peroxide on the composite- enamel adhesion and also evaluated fracture mode between resin and enamel after bleaching. Sixty extracted human anterior and premolars teeth were divided into 5 groups and bleached by combined technique using of office bleaching with 35 % hydrogen peroxide and matrix bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide for 4 weeks. After bleaching, the labial surfaces of each tooth were treated with catalase, 70% ethyl alcohol, distilled water and filled with composite resin. Shear bond strength was tested and the fractured surfaces were also examined with SEM. Analysis revealed significantly higher bond strength values. (p＜0.05) for catalase-treated specimens, but water-treated specimens showed reduction of bond strength, alcohol- treated specimens had medium value between the two groups(p＜0.05). The fracture mode was shown that the catalase group and the alcohol group had cohesive failure but the water sprayed group had adhesive failure. It was concluded that the peroxide residues in tooth after bleaching seems to be removed by gradual diffusion and the free radical oxygen from peroxide prevents polymerization by combining catalyst in the resin monomer. Therefore it may be possible to eliminate the adverse effect on the adhesion of composite resin to enamel after bleaching by using water displacement solution or dentin bonding agent including it for effective removal of residual peroxide.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.194-197
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• 2016

The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay is a rapid and convenient method for verifying milk pasteurization. Since colorimetric ALP assays rely on subjective visual assessments, their results are especially unreliable near the detection limits. In this study, we attempted to establish quantitative criteria for residual ALP in milk by using a more objective method based on spectrophotometric measurements. Raw milk was heat-treated for 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 min and then subjected to ALP assays. The quantitative criteria for residual ALP in the milk was determined as 2 μg phenol/mL of milk, which is just above the ALP value of milk samples heat-treated for 30 min. These newly proposed methodology and criteria could facilitate the microbiological quality control of milk.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.1A
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• pp.7-15
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• 2008

In this paper, it is investigated that the limitation due to the asymmetry of optical power with respect to optical phase conjugator(OPC) in mid-span spectral inversion(MSSI) for compensating optical signal distortion due to group velocity dispersion(GVD) and nonlinearities generated in fiber by combining with lumped dispersion management(DM) technique into MSSI. Two kinds of lumped DM configuration(configuration A and configuration B) are considered and compared each other in this research. Configuration A consists of two dispersion compensating fiber(DCF) span positioned after transmitter and before receiver, respectively. Configuration B consists of two dispersion compensating fiber(DCF) span positioned before and after OPC placed at middle of total transmission link, respectively. It is confirmed that the transmission performances are more improved by the configuration A combined with MSSI than configuration B. Also, it is confirmed that the best performance of overall channels are obtained by making net residual dispersion(NRD) to have positive value in self phase modulation(SPM)-limited WDM transmission systems, irrelevant to the configuration of DM.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.535-540
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• 2006

The relationship between the observable noise model and the satellite elevation angle can be modeled quite well by an exponential function.[Jin, 1996] Noise size and dependence on the elevation angle are, however, different for each observation and receiver type. Therefore, the coefficient determination of this model is an issue, and various methods including PR-CP, single difference, and time difference have been suggested. The limitations of them are difficulty to model the carrier phase noise and to eliminate bias. To overcome these disadvantages for using Jin's model, we suggest zero baseline double difference (DD) and noise sorting algorithm. Data DD technique in zero baseline is useful to eliminate all the troublesome GPS biases, and the remaining error is the sum of GPS measurement noises from two satellites. These DD residuals for hours should be sorted by the combination of satellite elevation angles, and then variance value of the residual for each combination can be estimated. Using these values, we construct an over-determined linear equation whose solution is a set of noise variance for each satellite elevation angle. With 24hr Trimble 4000ssi data, we easily worked out the coefficients of the noise model not only for pseudorange but also for carrier phase. We estimated the standard deviation of the measurement DD using our model, and plotted 1 and 3 sigma lines for every epoch to verify the representation of the residual error. 63.3% of pseudorange residual and 65.9% of phase error did not exceed the 1 sigma lines. Additionally, 99.2% and 99.5% of them lied within 3sigma line. These figures prove that the Gaussian property of measurement noise, and that the suggested model by our algorithm corresponds to the observable noise information.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1684-1694
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• 2021

Objective: This study investigated the association between feed efficiency, physicochemical properties, flavor precursors and biomolecules in the thigh meat of Korat (KR) chickens. Methods: The feed intake and body weight of individual male KR chickens were recorded from 1 to 10 weeks old to calculate the individual residual feed intake (RFI) of 75 birds. At 10 weeks of age, chickens with the 10 highest (HRFI) and lowest RFI (LRFI) were slaughtered to provide thigh meat samples. The physicochemical properties (ultimate pH, water holding capacity [WHC], drip loss) and flavor precursors (guanosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate (IMP), adenosine monophosphate and inosine) were analyzed conventionally, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the composition of biomolecules (lipids, ester lipids, amide I, amide II, amide III, and carbohydrates) and the secondary structure of the proteins. A group t-test was used to determine significant differences between mean values and principal component analysis to classify thigh meat samples into LRFI and HRFI KR chickens. Results: The physicochemical properties of thigh meat samples from LRFI and HRFI KR chickens were not significantly different but the IMP content, ratios of lipid, lipid ester, protein (amide I, amide II) were significantly different (p<0.05). The correlation loading results showed that the LRFI group was correlated with high ratios of lipids, lipid esters, collagen content (amide III) and beta sheet protein (rg loading >0.5) while the HRFI group was positively correlated with protein (amide I, amide II), alpha helix protein, IMP content, carbohydrate, ultimate pH and WHC (rg loading >0.5). Conclusion: The thigh meat from chickens with different RFI differed in physiochemical properties affecting meat texture, and in the contents of flavor precursors and biomolecules affecting the nutritional value of meat. This information can help animal breeders to make genetic improvements by taking more account of traits related to RFI.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2019

This paper compare the performance of CM-MMA (Constellation Matching-MMA) and RMMA (Region-based MMA) blind equalization algorithm for improve the QoS by minimizing the intersymbol interference that is occurred in nonlinear communication channel when transmitting the QAM signal. In the tap coefficient update for adaptive, CM-MMA use the error of nonconstant modulus signal adding the current MMA cost fuction and constellation matching error terms of sinusoidal power function, and the RMMA use the error by transfoms the nonconstant modulus signal of equalizer output constellation to 4-QAM constant modulus signal. They has different equalization performance by these error signal, it were compared in this paper by simulation, and performance index such as output signal constellation of equalizer, residual isi, maximum distortion, SER curves are applied for this. As a result of computer simulation, the RMMA has more better performance in the every performance index, convergence speed, residual value, noise robustness compared to CM-MMA.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.657-665
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• 2021

Nondestructive evaluation methods play an important role in ensuring component integrity and safety in many industries. Operator fatigue can play a critical role in the reliability of such methods. This is important for inspecting high value assets or assets with a high consequence of failure, such as aerospace and nuclear components. Recent advances in convolution neural networks can support and automate these inspection efforts. This paper proposes using residual neural networks (ResNets) for real-time detection of corrosion, including iron oxide discoloration, pitting and stress corrosion cracking, in dry storage stainless steel canisters housing used nuclear fuel. The proposed approach crops nuclear canister images into smaller tiles, trains a ResNet on these tiles, and classifies images as corroded or intact using the per-image count of tiles predicted as corroded by the ResNet. The results demonstrate that such a deep learning approach allows to detect the locus of corrosion via smaller tiles, and at the same time to infer with high accuracy whether an image comes from a corroded canister. Thereby, the proposed approach holds promise to automate and speed up nuclear fuel canister inspections, to minimize inspection costs, and to partially replace human-conducted onsite inspections, thus reducing radiation doses to personnel.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.198-206
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• 2021

Objective : The low-profile Neuroform Atlas stent can be deployed directly without an exchange maneuver by navigating into the Gateway balloon. This retrospective study assessed the safety and efficacy of Neuroform Atlas stenting as a rescue treatment after failure of mechanical thrombetomy (MT) for large artery occlusion. Methods : Between June 2018 and December 2019, a total of 31 patients underwent Neuroform Atlas stenting with prior Gateway balloon angioplasty after failure of conventional MT caused by residual intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS). Primary outcomes were successful recanalization and patency of the vessel 24 hours after intervention. Secondary outcomes were vessel patency after 14 days and 3-month modified Rankin Scale. Peri-procedural complications, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and 3-month mortality were reviewed. Results : With a 100% of successful recanalization, median value of stenosis was reduced from 79.0% to 23.5%. Twenty-eight patients (90.3%) showed tolerable vessel patency after 14 days. New infarctions occurred in three patients (9.7%) over a period of 14 days; two patient (6.5%) underwent stent occlusion at 24 hours, and the other patient (3.2%) with delayed stent occlusion had a non-symptomatic dot infarct. There were no peri-procedural complications. Two patients (6.5%) developed an ICH immediately after the procedure with one of them is symptomatic. Conclusion : Neuroform Atlas stenting seems to be an effective and safe rescue treatment modality for failed MT with residual ICAS, by its high successful recanalization rate with tolerable patency, and low peri-procedural complication rate. Further multicenter and randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm our findings.