• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 1992

We have derived the general transfer equation for governing the continuity, energy transfer, mass and momentum transfer, and turbulent energy dissipation rate within the fire compartment which has the 800t fire source at the center of the floor. The governing transfer equations have been descretized using the finite volume approach and numerically experimented under the SIMPLE algorithm. In order for the SIMPLE algorithm approach to be physically reliable, the test results are compared with those of Morita's SOR Method using Conjugate Residual Method and found to be close to physical values though the computational convergence time still remains to be upgraded. The treatment of source terms in the system of finite difference equations has been critical in order to converge the governing equations within the appropriate time steps. The criteria of convergence allowance for the whole domain have been checked and the sudden change of the non-linear effects from the source term have been avoided. The criteria has been allowed to be for 5$\times$10$^{-5}$ .

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.347-354
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• 2020

Site characterization for decommissioning Kori Unit 1 is ongoing in South Korea after 40 years of successful operation. Kori Unit 1's containment building is assumed to be mostly radioactively contaminated, and therefore radiation exposure management and detailed contamination investigation are required for decommissioning and dismantling it safely. In this study, site-specific Derived Concentration Guideline Levels (DCGLs) were derived using the residual radioactivity risk evaluation tool, RESRAD-BUILD code. A conceptual model of containment building for Kori Unit 1 was set up and limited occupational worker building inspection scenario was applied. Depending on the source location, the maximum contribution source and exposure pathway of each radionuclide were analyzed. The contribution of radionuclides to dose and exposure pathways, by source location, is expected to serve as basic data in the assessment criteria of survey areas and classification of impact areas during further decommissioning and decontamination of sites.

• Journal of Information Display
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.6-10
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• 2005

The dependence of hysteresis characteristics in low temperature poly-Si (LTPS) thin film transistors (TFTs) on the gate-source voltage (Vgs) or the drain-source voltage (Vds) bias is investigated and discussed. The hysteresis levels in both p-type and n-type LTPS TFTs are independent of Vds bias but increase as the sweep range of Vgs increases. It has been found that the hysteresis in both p-type and n-type LTPS TFTs originated from charge trapping and de-trapping in the channel region rather than at the source/drain edges.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.203-208
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• 1998

We investigated the effects of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and fructose (C-source) on cell growth and biosynthesis of cyclosporin A (CyA) produced as a secondary metabolite by a wild-type filamentous fungus, Tolypocladium inflatum. This was performed by controlling the level of D.O. and the residual C-source, as required, through adjustment of medium flow rate, medium concentration and agitation rate in fed-batch cultures. CyA production was furned out to be maximal, when D.O. level was controlled around 10% saturated D.O. and concentration of the C-source was maintained sufficiently low (below 2 g/L) not to cause carbon catabolite repression. Under this culture condition, we obtained the highest values of CyA concentration (507.14 mg/L), Qp (2.11 mg CyA/L/hr), $Y_x/s$ (0.49 g DCW/g fructose), $Y_p/s$<(22.56 mg CyA/g fructose), and YTEX>$_p/x$ (48.31 mg CyA/g DCW), but relatively lower values of cell concentration (11.98 g DCW/L) and cell productivity (0.043 g DCW/L/hr), in comparison with other parallel fed-batch fermentation conditions. These results implied that, in the carbon-limited culture with 10% saturated D.O. level, the producer microorganism utilized the C-source more efficiently for secondary metabolism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal ammonia nitrogen in lambs of diets containing different levels of residual frying oil. Methods: Levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 g/kg dry matter (DM) base of residual frying oil in the diets of lambs were evaluated. Five castrated lambs with initial body weights of $36.8{\pm}3.3kg$, distributed in a Latin square ($5{\times}5$) design, were used. Results: There was a decreasing linear effect on the intake of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TCH), and nonfibrous carbohydrates (NFC). There was an increased linear intake of ether extract (EE). The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, TCH, and NFC, as well as urine nitrogen excretion, nitrogen balance and ruminal parameters, were not influenced by different levels of residual frying oil in the diet. EE digestibility presented a crescent linear effect. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the addition of residual frying oil to the diets of sheep can affect nutrient intake without affecting the digestibility of most nutrients (with the exception of EE), nitrogen balance and ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2005년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1846-1850
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• 2005

This paper presents a constrained-based routing (CBR) algorithm called, Dynamic Possible Path per Link (D-PPL) routing algorithm, for MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks. In MPLS on-line routing, future traffics are unknown and network resource is limited. Therefore many routing algorithms such as Minimum Hop Algorithm (MHA), Widest Shortest Path (WSP), Dynamic Link Weight (DLW), Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm (MIRA), Profiled-Based Routing (PBR), Possible Path per Link (PPL) and Residual bandwidth integrated - Possible Path per Link (R-PPL) are proposed in order to improve network throughput and reduce rejection probability. MIRA is the first algorithm that introduces interference level avoidance between source-destination node pairs by integrating topology information or address of source-destination node pairs into the routing calculation. From its results, MIRA improves lower rejection probability performance. Nevertheless, MIRA suffer from its high routing complexity which could be considered as NP-Complete problem. In PBR, complexity of on-line routing is reduced comparing to those of MIRA, because link weights are off-line calculated by statistical profile of history traffics. However, because of dynamic of traffic nature, PBR maybe unsuitable for MPLS on-line routing. Also, both PPL and R-PPL routing algorithm we formerly proposed, are algorithms that achieve reduction of interference level among source-destination node pairs, rejection probability and routing complexity. Again, those previously proposed algorithms do not take into account the dynamic nature of traffic load. In fact, future traffics are unknown, but, amount of previous traffic over link can be measured. Therefore, this is the motivation of our proposed algorithm, the D-PPL. The D-PPL algorithm is improved based on the R-PPL routing algorithm by integrating traffic-per-link parameters. The parameters are periodically updated and are dynamically changed depended on current incoming traffic. The D-PPL tries to reserve residual bandwidth to service future request by avoid routing through those high traffic-per-link parameters. We have developed extensive MATLAB simulator to evaluate performance of the D-PPL. From simulation results, the D-PPL improves performance of MPLS on-line routing in terms of rejection probability and total throughput.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.285-292
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• 2017

Antibiotics have been used for treating human and animal disease and enhancing growth of cattle, swine, and poultries. However, overused antibiotics can be released into the environment and produce antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. Main objective of this research was to monitor residual of antibiotics in solid matrix such as manure, wastewater sludge, soil and sediment. Total of six antibiotics, Chlortetracycline (CTC), Oxytetracycline (OTC), Tetracycline (TC), Sulfamethazine (SMT), Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), Sulfathiazole (STZ), used for both human and animal was monitored. Result showed that the detection frequency of 6 antibiotics was ordered SMT (100%) > TC = CTC (75%) > OTC (38%) > STZ (13%) > SMZ (0%) and the highest concentration ($309.83{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$, SMT) was observed in manure. Comparing residual concentration of antibiotics (TC, CTC, and OTC) in soil and sediment, higher concentration was observed in sediment indicating that dissolved forms of antibiotics are released into river and sorbed into sediment particle. In conclusion, monitoring for residual of antibiotics in the environment is necessary and more research should be conducted to verify the source of antibiotic release.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.287-293
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• 2012

Satellite operating agencies are constantly monitoring conjunctions between satellites and space objects. Two line element (TLE) data, published by the Joint Space Operations Center of the United States Strategic Command, are available as raw data for a preliminary analysis of initial conjunction with a space object without any orbital information. However, there exist several sorts of uncertainties in the TLE data. In this paper, we suggest and analyze a method for estimating the uncertainties in the TLE data through mean, standard deviation of state vector residuals and covariance matrix. Also the estimation results are compared with actual results of orbit determination to validate the estimation method. Characteristics of the state vector residuals depending on the orbital elements are examined by applying the analysis to several satellites in various orbits. Main source of difference between the covariance matrices are also analyzed by comparing the matrices. Particularly, for the Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-2, we examine the characteristics of the residual variation of state vector and covariance matrix depending on the orbital elements. It is confirmed that a realistic consideration on the space situation of space objects is possible using information from the analysis of mean, standard deviation of the state vector residuals of TLE and covariance matrix.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2013

In this study, three dimensional and two dimensional laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of water table rising on DNAPL migration, contaminants mass discharge ($M_d$), and residual NAPL distribution. The accumulation of TCE in unsaturated zone was observed in both two and three dimensional experiments. This implies DNAPL sources could exist in unsaturated zone at contaminated sites. It has been investigated that the TCE concentration is proportional to the areal ratio of residual TCE. This means the residual TCE obviously could affect the TCE concentration in aquifer system. The results of the two-dimensional experiment indicated that the contaminant sources in unsaturated zone could lead the $M_d$ increasing with water table rising and the source zone heterogeneity could also highly affect the $M_d$.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.398-405
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• 2017

In this paper, an artificial stereo extension method that creates stereophonic sound from a mono sound source is proposed. The proposed method first trains deep neural networks (DNNs) that model the nonlinear relationship between the dominant and residual signals of the stereo channel. In the training stage, the band-wise log spectral magnitude and unwrapped phase of both the dominant and residual signals are utilized to model the nonlinearities of each sub-band through deep architecture. From that point, stereo extension is conducted by estimating the residual signal that corresponds to the input mono channel signal with the trained DNN model in a sub-band domain. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using a log spectral distortion (LSD) measure and multiple stimuli with a hidden reference and anchor (MUSHRA) test. The results showed that the proposed method provided a lower LSD and higher MUSHRA score than conventional methods that use hidden Markov models and DNN with full-band processing.