• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.495-508
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to develop a quantified water loss Index to evaluate and manage leakage scientifically for the reduction of non-revenue water in water distribution systems. For the purpose, unavoidable background leakage suggested from UK water industry and IWA, and allowable water leakage in accord with the concept of allowable water loss are proposed by analyzing the inflow into two study water districts and the short-term water use of each customer in the districts. The study distribution areas are selected among the metered districts with good maintenance of leakage after improvement activities in Nonsan, medium sized city in Korea. Estimation models of allowable leakage are developed by metering and analyzing the minimum night flow at residential and commercial areas in the city. In the results of the investigation, it is estimated that background night flow in residential area was larger than that of commercial area where the types of business shows small water use characteristics. Meanwhile, night flow and background water loss on internal plumbing systems show great differences for each district which is influenced much by the water use characteristics and facilities scale. Based on metering water use data in various districts, leakage management criteria can be established under the consideration of domestic conditions in Korea by analyzing separated real water use and background leakage and it is possible to apply into presentation of optimal leakage level and reasonable time for working activities for leakage reduction.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.889-901
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to look into the physical features for each residential area by the age, with the female subjects residing in Beijing and Shanghai. This would provide the specific information regarding the body types of Chinese adult women, and additionally it would assist the effective advancement into the Chinese local markets by serving as the basic data for the size development and fitting improvement of clothing products for Chinese women. The body measurements were made with 525 adult female subjects of 20 to 49 years of age, residing in Beijing and Shanghai, China. The number of measurements items was 79. The results are as follows: As they grew older, the women residing in Beijing and Shanghai all showed increases in the items of width, thickness, girth, and length, which are highly correlated with the physical obesity, while they did not show any differences by the age range in the item of height. Differences were also found in the tendency of the type distribution by the age range of Chinese adult women in each residential area. As they grew older, the women residing on Beijing showed increases in the distribution of Body type 2 and Body type 4, which clearly indicated the features of obesity. On the other hand, the women residing in Shanghai showed the almost similar distribution in their 20's and 30's, while those in their 40's showed a high frequency in Body type 2 than in Body type 4.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.21-30
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• 2013

This study aimed to identify elementary school teachers' perceptions of various aspects of physical environments of a classroom. For the purpose, a survey questionnaire was administered to 982 classroom teachers(female 82.2%) working at 67 elementary schools(Seoul 55%) located in Seoul and Busan. According to the analyses of the survey data, 50.8% of the respondent teachers suggested 20-25 as an optimum class size. Also, 57% of the teachers were positive about the current size of a classroom($67.5m^2$), but evaluations of a classroom size were divided between the teachers who had more and less than 30 students in class. Furthermore, three factors, labelled as 'uniqueness', 'residential stability' and 'visually pleasing', were extracted from a factor analysis of the Semantic Differential Scale consisting of 24 adjectives evaluating a classroom environment. Teachers from Busan tended to rate higher in the uniqueness domain while female teachers scored higher in the domain of residential stability, respectively, compared to their counterparts. Overall, the teachers perceived their classrooms having no particular characteristics, but rated highly in terms of stability. In addition, it was found out that the teachers' requests for the improvement of a classroom environment were not so much as the increased size of a classroom as a reduced class size as well as educational facilities that are corresponding to a variety of instructional methods. In summary, this study confirmed that elementary school teachers' perceptions of a classroom environment varied according to such factors as sex, teaching career, grade of their concerned class, and class size.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.93-104
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• 2017

Purpose: Korean society has already entered an aged society but there aren't many evidence-based studies on the elderly-friendly design elements in the apartment environment, which is the main residential type in Korea. The main purpose of this study is to verify the necessity and expandability of the outdoor environment design in the public rental apartment complex through the evaluation of the effectiveness and satisfaction of SMG(Seoul Metropolitan Government) Cognitive Health Design Project in GR 1 apartment complex. Methods: The research subjects were GR 1-complex as experimental group and the nearby Wolgye Deer 1-complex as control group, both public rental apartment and located in Seoul. As a research method, the survey was conducted before and after the implementation of SMG project for residents of the apartment. A total of 200 preliminary surveys and 203 post surveys were conducted. Results: As a result of this study, residents' accidents related safety have decreased, and both the frequency of use and satisfaction of most facilities have increased. It is noteworthy that the increase in cognitive items in the post-survey. Also, 74.5% of the residents evaluated that the complex was better to live after the project was implement. Implications: The fact that the preliminary surveys were not conducted for the same person is considered as the limitation of the study, but it is meaningful in that it systematically assesses the effectiveness of the project on the cognitive health of the outdoor residential environment towards age-friendly city.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.319-325
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• 2021

The urban regeneration project is an activity that promotes the economy in underdeveloped commercial or residential areas and maintains urban communities through improvement of living in residential areas. Through this study, various successful cases of urban regeneration at home and abroad and surveys related to urban regeneration in Bongsan Village, Yeongdo, Busan were collected and analyzed. Key keywords for each case were derived, grouped, and top keywords were created. The 13 top keywords were evaluated using Likert's 5-point scale, and AHP was conducted for the 10 keywords that were finally selected. As a result of AHP analysis, the preference for "spatial and physical properties" was derived in the order of "publicity", "sustainability", and "identity". The preference of "content and system properties" was derived in the order of "resident participation", "convenience", "locality", and "local government participation". It is necessary to present a role as a design guideline for establishing urban regeneration designs in relation to various urban regeneration projects that will become more active in the future through the analysis of preferences of urban regeneration keywords derived through this study.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.205-216
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• 2021

There is a growing interest and need for adaptive reuse and remodeling as a method for sustainable urban regeneration and residential improvement. The purpose of this study was to suggest implications for the remodeling of detached house for adaptive reuse in Korea. To this end, a theoretical review and case analysis was conducted on the remodeling in 'Gupo-Saetulmaul' and 'Haeridan-gil' in Busan City. The implications through the study are as follows. (1) Programs for residents participation and sustainable management of buildings are needed. (2) Coexist between residential and commercial use is needed. (3) A guideline for planning and designing street and building remodeling is needed at the level of the entire detached housing site.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.138-148
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• 2022

The 1920s and 1930s were when new trends became prominent in Korean housing architecture. This study began with a curiosity about the appearance of residential gardens during the transition period, when housing types were changing. Since gardens are constantly evolving and living spaces, it is not easy to give a clear picture of their evolution. However, through popular magazines and newspaper articles published in the 1920-30s, this study investigated how people perceived the gardens socially and how they engaged in gardening. First, the study of Gyeongseong's urbanization process revealed that people perceived gardens as a way to give natural beauty to the urban environment. Therefore, the creation of a residential garden was strongly encouraged. Second, the housing improvement movement, which the architects actively discussed during this period, emphasized that a garden is a factor that can help improve the quality of the residential environment in terms of hygiene and landscape aesthetics. Third, since the media provided information on gardening, it was confirmed that the number of people engaged in gardening as a hobby increased. As designers and gardeners who had received a modern education became more active, the concept of "designed gardens" was formed. Lastly, although the houses were divided into various types, the shapes of the gardens did not show a significant difference according to the architecture type. They tended to embrace the time's ideal garden design and style. Therefore, even in a traditional hanok, Western-style gardens were naturally harmonized into the overall architecture, and exotic plant species could be found. Although the gardens found in media images were limited to those belonging to the homes of the intelligentsia, it can be seen that representativeness was secured, considering the popularity and ripple effect of the media. Therefore, this study contributes to the literature as it confirmed the ideal gardens and gardening methods in the 1920s and 30s.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.48-57
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• 2010

Nowadays, public rental apartments' community facilities emphasize only their quantity aspect without considering residents' characteristics, leading their installation regulations to be based on only the number of households, which is problematic. As a result, in many cases, residents, after moving in, alter the facility usage or remodel the facilities for their use. Hereby, this study conducted focus group interviews with public rental apartments' residents as to find out space conditions of and improvement demands for the community facilities. Two public rental apartment complexes in Seoul and Gyeongi-do which were built after 2007 were selected for this study. As for the survey method, workshop panel was employed. Four people in each age class of infants, children, adolescents, adults, and seniors were formed into one group, and a total of 40 people in 10 groups were surveyed. The survey was continuously conducted from February to March in 2009. The study findings can be summarized as follows. 1) Among community facilities, there were more satisfactory outdoor facilities than satisfactory indoor facilities. Residents expressed satisfaction with the facilities linked with natural environment. The causes of unsatisfactory facilities were mostly poor management. 2) The facilities demanded by the residents included ones relevant to study, exercise, and hobbies. As public rental apartments are resided mostly by low-income families, study and hobby activities bring them cost problems. Therefore, it is needed that the apartment complexes support diverse such activities 3) As for facilities demanded for usage alteration, a residents' meeting room accounted for the most popular opinions. As it was used only once a week, its usage was very low. It should be opened to the residents and allowed to be used in various ways. 4) As for demands of changing spatial characteristics, outdoor exercise facilities accounted for the most opinions. Although they were installed in most cases, they were damaged and poorly managed, therefore being in need of improvement in operation and management. In order to maximally utilize public rental apartments' community facilities, facility planning in consideration of various age groups from residents' viewpoint and sustainable systematic management are required.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.828-833
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• 2014

In this paper, the performance characteristics for newly developed ejector refrigeration system, which is that the part of saturated vapor from liquid-vapor separator after ejector expansion process is entrained in ejector, and the saturated liquid flows in the evaporator and compressed with the rest of vapor in separator, is studied. The reasons of the performance improvement of refrigeration system are that the refrigeration capacity is increased due to quality reduction after iso-entropic expansion process by ejector and the compression work is reduced because of the relatively high pressure of vapor refrigerant before compression process. The comparison results of the ejector system entraining expansion gases with the present residential freezer show that the COP increases to 27.8% maximum in case of the pressure drop to 65% of high pressure of freezer, and to 40.1% for 75% pressure drop of refrigerant R401A. The COP improvement rate with 20%~60% pressure lift in diffuser of ejector is only 2.6%~3%.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.99-113
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to explore differences in perceived importance among factors of motives for participating in outdoor sports, product selection criteria of outdoor sportswear and store selection criteria, and in buying frequencies among store types and store locations. Another purpose was to find differences in importance of product selection criteria of outdoor sportswear and store selection criteria and in buying frequencies according to store types and store locations among groups according to motives for participation in outdoor sports. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher and was collected by 221 women aged between 40 and 59. The questionnaire was composed of four parts including participation motives, store selection criteria, and product selection criteria measured by Likert type scale, and demographic characteristics measured by nominal scale. Data were analyzed by frequency test, factor analysis, repeated measure ANOVA, Bonferroni adjusted t-test, cluster analysis by Ward method, ANOVA and Tukey's test as a post-hoc test. The results of the study showed that middle-aged women rated health improvement motive as the most important factor for participating in outdoor sports. Among product selection criteria, comfort was the most important, and among store selection, personal selling was the most important. Among store types, buying frequency in off-price store was the highest and among store locations, buying frequency in stores in a residential area was the highest. Moreover, three groups were classified according to motives for participation in outdoor sports: the health improvement motive group, the conspicuous/sociable motive group, the lower motive group The health improvement motive group rated comfort as the most important factor for product selection criteria, and showed the highest buying frequency in downtown stores. Conspicuous/sociable motive groups valued design and utilization for an everyday wear and shopped more frequently in specialty store and/or in downtown stores.