• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.53-67
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• 2009

For the last decades, service quality has been studied as one of the most important tools for a service company to compete with the other companies. Based on these past researches, it has been agreed that the service quality is a basic and powerful tool to create the competitive advantage. Due to similar reason, many service marketing practitioners have been also focused on the service quality to retain the existing consumers and collect the new consumers. However, service quality is subjectively perceived by individual consumers. Consumer evaluation of service quality can be different from each other. Especially consumers with one life-style may evaluate the service quality differently from the consumers with the other life-styles. Therefore we need to know whether there are differences in service quality perception on the categories of life-style. Life-style refers to a distinctive mode of living in its aggregate and broadest sense. It embodies the patterns that were developed and emerged from the dynamics of living in a society. Since the concept of life-style and its relationship to marketing was introduced in 1963 by William Lazer, methods of measuring the life-style and their application have been developed. Life-style has been usually used to segment the marketplace because it offers marketers a unique and important view of the market. When Life-style is combined with clustering methods, life-style segmentation can generate identifiable whole persons rather than isolated fragment. Life-style segmentation begins with people instead of products and classifies them into different life-style types, each characterized by a unique style of living based on a wide range of activities, interests, and opinions(Plummer, 1974). In this study we applies the life-style segmentation based on the AIO(Activities, Interests, and Opinions) to the consumers of the large discount stores. In Korea, the large discount store market has entered into maturity stage so that the market differentiation strategy is becoming a more critical issue to the marketing practitioners. One of the most important tools to differentiate from the competitors in large discount store market is continuously to provide service of better quality than competitors. This study tries to find answers about the following questions: 1) How can we categorize the consumer life-styles in the large discount store? 2) What are the characteristics of the categorized groups? 3) Are there any differences in service quality perception among the consumers with different life-styles 4) Are there any differences in consumer behavior among them in the large discount store? For the purpose, we collected survey data from consumers and analyzed the data with the SPSS package where we had $X^2$-test, factor analysis, ANOVA, MANOVA, and cluster analysis. The survey was made during one month in the April of 2008. Among the collected 306 copies of questionnaires, 281 copies were chosen as the effective samples for empirical analysis except 25 copies with wrong responses. To identify the life-style patterns, we used the measures employed by Kim and Kwon(1999), where 44 items on a seven-point scale were used to measure factors of the life-style patterns. The Principal Component Method was used for factor extraction, and the VARIMAX orthogonal factor rotation was employed. The 7 items showing low factor loading were eliminated. The results of the factor analysis suggested that nine factors of the life-style patterns were identified as follows: 1) the equality-of-sexes and pursuit-of-independence tendency 2) self-management tendency 3) sociable tendency 4) self-display tendency 5) degree of a dilettante life 6) pursuit-of-information tendency 7) bargain hunter tendency 8) TV preference tendency 9) pursuit-of-leisure tendency. Next, after the K-means cluster analysis was performed with nine factors of the life-style patterns, the life-styles of the respondents were classified into four groups which are named as the 'progressive practicality-oriented group', 'positive success-oriented group', 'sociable ostentation-oriented group', 'stable conservation-oriented group'. The analysis results for usage behavior between the market segments showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of usage, duration time in the store, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty. Also, we tried to investigate whether the large discount store consumers differently perceive the quality of service based upon the types of life-style. To measure the service quality of large discount store, we adapted several measurement models measuring the service quality such as SERVPERF, BCP, R-SERVPERF, R-BCP. MANOVA and One-Way ANOVA were performed to confirm the difference in service quality perception based on the market segments. The results have also shown significant differences between life-style types in service quality perception. These findings show that the large discount store marketers should consider consumer life-style as one of the most important market segments for marketing and understand the difference in service quality perception between life-style types. Our findings give important implications to marketers of large discount stores as well as life-style researchers. First, this study showed there were significant differences in consumer's service quality perception and usage behavior between the types of life-style. It provides evidence that the life-style approach can be a important basis in segmenting the large discount store market and will make consumers perceive the service quality high. Second, most previous researches on service quality have been in aggregate level. However, our results imply that the future research on service quality have to focus on segment level.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.206-220
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• 2003

Purpose: this study was intended to search the relationship between perception of the infant temperament in mother of infant at the age of 1～12 months and maternal confidence and satisfaction in performing maternal role, and to submit a basic data to establish a nursing intervention program which is helpful for determination of infant development and performing maternal role promotion by identify variables associated with infant temperament. Method: The subjects of this study were 300 mothers of infant at the age of 1～12 months who visited well baby clinic in 4 hospitals in Busan city and Kyoung-Nam province. Final analysis was performed in 293 cases. Seven cases was excluded in this study because of its inappropriate data collection. The data was collected from 1st July to 15th August 2002. The questionaries which were fill-up by mother were collected. Infant temperament was measured by using the tool of 'what my baby is like'(WBL) which was developed by Priham et. al.(1994) and translated by Bang(1999). The scale of postpartum self evaluation which was developed by Lederman et al(1981) and translated by Lee(1992) was used for the confidence and satisfaction of maternal role. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-PC for window, version 10.0: frequency, percentage, minimum, maximum, mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA, Post-hoc test(Scheffe's test), Pearson Correlation Coefficients. Result: The mean score of maternal perception of the infant temperament was 6.17±1.04, and mother recognized her infant as positive. The mean score of confidence of maternal role was 2.89± .41 and this revealed in an average level. The mean score of satisfaction of maternal role was 3.29± .51 and this revealed in a higher level. There was a weak significant positive correlation between the score of maternal perception of infant temperament and confidence of maternal role(r=0.176, P= .003), but there was no significant correlation between satisfaction of maternal role(P> .05). It revealed the more maternal perception of the infant temperament as positive, the higher confidence of maternal role. There was a moderate significant positive correlation between confidence of maternal role and satisfaction of maternal role(r=0.410, P= .000). It revealed the more confidence of maternal role, the higher satisfaction of maternal role. The variables related with the score of maternal perception of infant temperament were the type of delivery (t=-2.600, P= .010), experience of learning baby care(t=2.382, P= .018), maternal perception on baby's health status(F=3.467, P= .033), maternal perception on her health status(F=3.467, P= .027), baby's age(F=3.080, P= .028). Conclusion: Our result showed the confidence of maternal role was increased as the maternal perception of infant temperament was positive, and conformed that the confidence of maternal role was also related with satisfaction of maternal role. Prenatal education, type of delivery, baby's age were also related with the maternal perception of infant temperament. So, nursing intervention program of developmental stage maybe necessary in order to help maternal perception of infant temperament as positive, and it will be increased the confidence of maternal role and satisfaction of performing maternal role which was considered as real indicate of achievement of maternal role.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.204-214
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• 2015

SHI-RELATED SEQUENCE (SRS) 유전자는 zinc-binding RING finger motif를 갖고있는 식물 특이적 전사인자로서 식물 생장과 발달에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 배추 생장점 부위로부터 분리된 Brassica rapa SHI-RELATED SEQUENCE (BrSRS) 유전자인 BrSRS7과 BrLRP1은 식물 생장과 발달에서 중요한 조절자이다. BrSRS7과 BrLRP1 유전자가 원예작물의 생장과 발달에 미치는 영향을 보고자 35S 프로모터에 유전자를 결합시켜 두 종류의 식물 형질전환 벡터를 제작한 후 아그로박테리움을 이용하여 페튜니아에 형질전환하였다. 형질전환체들은 전체적으로 식물체 크기가 감소되었고 잎은 작으면서 upward-curled된 특성을 나타내었고 줄기 사이의 길이가 줄었다. 페튜니아의 꽃 모양은 도입된 유전자에 따라 오각형, 별 모양, 둥근 모양으로 다르게 나타났다. 이러한 특성들은 $T_2$, $T_3$ 세대진전 후에도 안정적으로 나타났다. RT-PCR로 유전자 발현을 분석한 결과 BrSRS7과 BrLRP1 유전자는 정단 분열 조직에서 형태 형성에 관여하는 지베릴린과 옥신 관련 유전자인 PtAGL15, PtIAMT1 발현을 조절함으로서 페튜니아의 생장과 발달에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 추측된다. 따라서 본 연구결과로 BrSRS 계열 유전자는 왜성 특성, 식물 형태 변형을 갖는 화훼 품종을 개발하는데 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.58-74
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• 2002

This paper constitutes a descriptive investigation and used a structured questionnaire to investigate nurses' and doctors' recognition of cancer patients. The subjects were extracted from the medical personnel working at the internal medicine, the surgery ward, the obstetrics and gynecology department, the pediatrics department, the cancer ward, and the emergency room of five general hospitals located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The research lasted from August, 2001 to September 2001. Total 137 nurses and 65 doctors were included and made out the questionnaires directly distributed by the investigator. The study tool was also developed by the investigator and consisted of such items as the demographic and social characteristics, the medical personnel's recognition degree of cancer and cancer patients, their recognition of the management of cancer patients, and their participation in a hospice. The results were analyzed using the SPSS Window program in terms of technological statistics, ranks, t-test, and ANOVA. The reliability was represented in Cronbach' α=.75. The nurses' and doctors' recognition degree of cancer and cancer patients had an overall average of 3.86 at the 5 point-scale. The items that received an average of 4.0 or more included 'Medical personnel should explain about the cancer cure plans to the cancer patient and his or her family', 'A patient whose case has been diagnosed as a terminal cancer should be notified of it, 'If I were a cancer patient, I would want to get informed of it,' and 'Cancer shall be conquered whenever it is'. In the meantime, the items that received an average of 3.0 or less was 'My relationship with the cancer patient's family has gotten worse since I announced his or her impending death.' And according to the general characteristics and the difference test, the recognition degree of cancer and cancer patient was high among the subgroups of nurses, females, married persons, who were in their 30s, who had a family member that was a cancer patient, and who received a hospice education. The biggest number of the nurses and doctors saw 'a gradual approach over several days'(68.8%) as a method to tell a cancer patient about his or her cancer diagnosis or impending death. Those who usually tell tragic news were the physician in charge(62.8%), the family members or relatives(32.1%) and the clergymen(3.8%) in the order. The greatest number of them recommended a cancer patient's home as the place where he or she should face death because they thought 'it would stabilize his or her mentality'(91.9%) while a number of them recommended the hospital because they 'should give the psychological satisfaction to the patient'(40%) or 'should try their best until the last moment of the patient's death'(30%). A majority of the medical personnel regarded 'smoking or drinking' and 'diet' as the causes of cancer. The biggest symptom of a cancer patient was 'pain' and the pain management of a cancer patient was mostly impeded by the 'excessive fear of drug addiction, tolerance to drugs and side effects of drugs' by medical personnel, the patient, and his or her family. The most frequently adopted treatment plan of a terminal cancer patient was 'to do whatever the patient or his or her family wants' to resort to a hospice' and 'to continue active treatment efforts' in the order. The biggest reasons why a terminal cancer patient went to see a doctor were 'pain alleviation' 'control of symptoms other than pain(intravenous supply)' and 'incapability of the patient's family' in the order. Terminal cancer patients placed their major concern in 'spiritual(religious) matter' 'emotional matters' their family' 'existence' and 'physical matters' in the order. 113(58.5%) of the whole medical personnel answered they 'would recommend' an alternative treatment to a terminal cancer patient mostly because they assumed it would 'stabilize the patient's mentality.' Meanwhile, 80(41.5%) of them chose 'not to recommend it mostly due to the unverified effects and high cost of it(78.7%). A majority of them, I. e. 190(94.1%) subjects said they 'would recommend' a hospice to a terminal cancer patient mostly because they thought it would help the patient to 'mentally prepare'(66.6%) Only 17.3% of them, however, had received a hospice education, most of which was done through the hospital duty education(41.4%) and volunteer training(34.5%). The follows are results of this study: 1. The nurses and the doctors turned out to be still passive and experience confusion in dealing with a cancer patient despite their great sense of responsibility for him or her. 2.Nurses and Doctors realize the need of a hospice, but an extremely small number of them participate in a hospice education or performance. Thus, a whole recognition of a hospice should be changed, for which purpose a hospice education for nurses and doctors should be provided. 3.Terminal cancer patients preferred their home to a hospital as the place to face their impending death because they felt it would bring 'mental stability.' And most of nurses and doctors think it would be unnecessary for them to be hospitalized just for control of their symptoms. Accordingly a terminal cancer patient can be cared at home, and a home hospice care needs to be activated.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2002

이 연구는 AP-PCR 기법을 이용하여 Salmonella 균주의 유전적 다양성과 근연관계를 비교하고자 수행하였다. 18종의 Salmonella 균주에 대해 8종류의 primer를 이용하여 각 균주에 대한 DNA 밴드를 검출한 결과 총 AP-PCR 단편의 수는 39에서 52개의 범위였으며 평균 43.6개가 검출되었다. 총 349개의 표지인자가운데 다형성을 나타내는 단편들은 185개로서 53.0%의 다형성 수준을 보여주었다. 살모넬라균주들은 GEN 703과 GEN 708 primer에서 각각 0.682와 0.676의 높은 다형성 수준을 보여주었으나 GEN 603, GEN 604, 및 GEN 607 primer에서는 각각 0.404, 0.460 및 0.472의 비교적 낮은 수준의 다형성을 나타냄으로써 살모넬라균주간 상동성 비율이 높음을 시사해 주고 있다. 따라서, 이들 primer들은 Salmonella 균주들의 AP-PCR 분석에 대단히 효율적임을 확인할 수 있었다. S typhimirium CU 2001의 다형성 수준은 77%로 S typhimirium CU 2002와 가장 근연관계가 가까운 것으로 나타났으며 다음이 S typhimirium CU 2003으로 63%, S typhimirium ATCC 14028이 50%, 그리고 S typhimirium CU 2004가 43%의 근연관계를 나타내었다. S enteritidis ATCC 13076의 다형성 수준은 83%로 S enteritidis CU 2005와 근연관계가 가장 가깝게 나타내었으며 다음이 S enteritidis CU 2006으로 63%, S enteritidis CU 2007이 58%의 근연관계를 나타내었다. S choleraesuis CU 2009의 다형성 수준은 67%로 S choleraesuis CU 2010과 가장 가까운 근연관계를 나타내었으며 S choleraesuis CU 2008은 53%의 근연관계를 나타내었다. S gallinarum CU 2011과 S gallimarum CU 2012의 다형성 수준은 70%로 근연관계가 가장 가깝게 나타났으며 S gallinarum ATCC 9184는 60%의 근연관계를 나타내었다. 마지막으로 S pullorum CU 2013과 S pullorum CU 2014의 다형성 수준은 80%로 매우 높은 근연관계를 나타낸 반면 S pullorum No 11은 53%로 근연관계가 먼 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, AP-PCR 분석은 Salmonella 균주의 유전적 다양성 및 근연관계를 추정하기 위한 강력한 도구로서 이용할 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1544-1557
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• 2020

Objective: Genomic selection (GS) is becoming popular in animals' genetic development. We, therefore, investigated the single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) as tool for GS, and compared its efficacy with the traditional pedigree BLUP (pedBLUP) method. Methods: A total of 9,952 males born between 1997 and 2018 under Hanwoo proven-bull selection program was studied. We analyzed body weight at 12 months and carcass weight (kg), backfat thickness, eye muscle area, and marbling score traits. About 7,387 bulls were genotyped using Illumina 50K BeadChip Arrays. Multiple-trait animal model analyses were performed using BLUPF90 software programs. Breeding value accuracy was calculated using two methods: i) Pearson's correlation of genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) with EBV of all animals (r_M1) and ii) correlation using inverse of coefficient matrix from the mixed-model equations (r_M2). Then, we compared these accuracies by overall population, info-type (PHEN, phenotyped-only; GEN, genotyped-only; and PH+GEN, phenotyped and genotyped), and bull-types (YBULL, young male calves; CBULL, young candidate bulls; and PBULL, proven bulls). Results: The r_M1 estimates in the study were between 0.90 and 0.96 among five traits. The r_M1 estimates varied slightly by population and info-type, but noticeably by bull-type for traits. Generally average r_M2 estimates were much smaller than r_M1 (pedBLUP, 0.40 to0.44; ssGBLUP, 0.41 to 0.45) at population level. However, r_M2 from both BLUP models varied noticeably across info-types and bull-types. The ssGBLUP estimates of r_M2 in PHEN, GEN, and PH+ GEN ranged between 0.51 and 0.63, 0.66 and 0.70, and 0.68 and 0.73, respectively. In YBULL, CBULL, and PBULL, the r_M2 estimates ranged between 0.54 and 0.57, 0.55 and 0.62, and 0.70 and 0.74, respectively. The pedBLUP based r_M2 estimates were also relatively lower than ssGBLUP estimates. At the population level, we found an increase in accuracy by 2.0% to 4.5% among traits. Traits in PHEN were least influenced by ssGBLUP (0% to 2.0%), whereas the highest positive changes were in GEN (8.1% to 10.7%). PH+GEN also showed 6.5% to 8.5% increase in accuracy by ssGBLUP. However, the highest improvements were found in bull-types (YBULL, 21% to 35.7%; CBULL, 3.3% to 9.3%; PBULL, 2.8% to 6.1%). Conclusion: A noticeable improvement by ssGBLUP was observed in this study. Findings of differential responses to ssGBLUP by various bulls could assist in better selection decision making as well. We, therefore, suggest that ssGBLUP could be used for GS in Hanwoo proven-bull evaluation program.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.21-32
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• 1981

최근 구미(歐美) 선진제국(先進諸國)에서는 확률적(確率的)인 개념(槪念)에 의한 한계상태설계법(限界狀態設計法)을 표준시방서(標準示方書)로 도입(導入)하는 경향이 높아지고 있다. 이들 선진국(先進國)에서 채택한 LSD, LRFD, PBLSD 같은 신뢰성설계기준(信賴性設計基準)은 각종(各種) 시공재료(施工材料)에 대한 설계절차(設計節次)를 단순화(單純化)시킬 뿐만아니라 일관성(一貫性)있는 신뢰성(信賴性)을 갖게 하는 능력(能力)을 갖고 있다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 RC 휨부재(部材)에 대한 이러한 신뢰성설계기준(信賴性設計基準)을 제안(提案)하였다. 이를 위하여 Lind-Hasofer의 불변(不變)2차(次)모멘트 신뢰성이론(信賴性理論)에 의해 반복시행적(反復試行的) 신뢰성해석(信賴性解析) 및 하중(荷重)-저항계수(抵抗係數) 결정(決定)알고리즘을 유도하고, 또한 Cornell의 평균제(平均第)1계이차(階二次)모멘트법(法)을 사용하여 근사적(近似的)으로도 신뢰성(信賴性)을 해석(解析)하여 설계기준(設計基準)을 결정(決定)하도록 하였다. 휨부재(部材)의 저항(抵抗) 및 하중효과(荷重效果)에 대한 불확실양산정(不確實量算定)은 Ellingwood의 하중(荷重) 및 저항불확실량(抵抗不確實量) 해석방법(解析方法)을 따랐다. 현행(現行) 극한강설계시방서(極限强設計示方書) 기준(基準)으로 설계(設計)되는 R.C.휨부재(部材)의 상대적(相對的) 의미(意味)의 안전성수준(安全性水準)을 제안(提案)된 이차(二次)모멘트신뢰성이론(信賴性理論)에 의해 검토(檢討)하였다. 그리고 우리 현실(現實)을 고려한 ${\beta}_0=4$를 적절한 목표신뢰성지수(目標信賴性指數)로 간주(看做)하고 이에 대한 저항(抵抗) 및 하중계수(荷重係數)를 제안(提案)된 방법(方法)으로 계산(計算)하였으며, 현행(現行) 극한강설계기준(極限强設計基準)의 안전율(安全率)과 이들 계산(計算)된 계수(係數)를 비교(比較), 분석(分析)하였다. 현행(現行) 시방서(示方書)로 설계(設計)되는 휨부재(部材)의 신뢰성(信賴性) 수준(水準)은 적절(適切)하지 못하며, 현행(現行) 시방서(示方書)에 규정(規定)된 저항(抵抗) 및 하중계수(荷重係數)는 본연구(本硏究)의 신뢰성이론(信賴性理論)으로 유도한 저항(抵抗) 및 하중계수(荷重係數)와 상당히 차이(差異)가 있음을 발견(發見)할 수 있었다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.155-165
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰에 대한 이용고객의 신뢰, 만족, 몰입 및 관계지속의도 간의 구조적 인과관계를 검증하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰 이용경험이 있는 고객 360명에 대한 설문조사 결과를 토대로 SPSS 18.0 프로그램과 AMOS 18.0 프로그램을 이용하여 유의수준 ${\alpha}=.05$에서 검증하였다. 신뢰도를 검증하기 위해 Cronbach's 알파계수를 산출하였고, 연구모형의 적합도를 평가하기 위해 적합도 지수를 산출함으로써 본 연구의 모형을 적합성을 검증하였다. 다음으로 구조방정식 모형분석(SEM: Structural Equation Model)을 통해 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰에 대한 이용고객의 신뢰, 만족, 몰입 및 관계지속의도 변인 간의 구조적 인과관계를 검증하였다. 본 실증분석을 통해 다음과 같은 주요 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰에 대한 신뢰는 이용고객의 만족에 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰에 대한 신뢰는 이용고객의 몰입에 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰에 대한 신뢰는 이용고객의 관계지속의도에 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰에 대한 만족은 이용고객의 관계지속의도에 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰에 대한 몰입은 이용고객의 관계지속의도에 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 여섯째, 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰에 대한 신뢰 ${\rightarrow}$ 만족 ${\rightarrow}$ 관계지속의도 경로의 간접효과는 유의미한 것으로 나타남으로써 만족의 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 일곱째, 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰에 대한 신뢰 ${\rightarrow}$ 몰입 ${\rightarrow}$ 관계지속의도 경로의 간접효과는 유의미한 것으로 나타남으로써 몰입의 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 최근 인터넷창업이 매우 활발한 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰의 경우 국내 메이저 인터넷 쇼핑몰에 비해 상대적으로 브랜드에 대한 인지도 및 신뢰도가 낮은 특성을 가지고 있으며, 소규모 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰에 대한 고객들의 신뢰도 향상 및 만족도 향상을 통해서 비로소 기존 이용고객들로 하여금 소규모 인터넷 패션쇼핑몰에 대한 재이용의도와 같은 지속적인 관계유지가 가능함을 시사하고 있다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.341-356
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• 2015

A nation has a sovereign right to develop and use its natural resources according to its policies with regard to development and the relevant environment. A nation also has an obligation not to harm other countries or damage environments of neighboring countries as consequences of such actions of developments or use of natural resources. However, international precedents induce a nation to take additional actions not to cause more damages from the specific acts causing environmental damages beyond national borders, when such acts have economic and social importance. That is to say that there is a tendency to resolve such issues in a way to promote the balance between the mutual interests by allowing such actions to continue. A solution to China's Three Gorges Dam dilemma based on a soft law approach is more credible than relying on a good faith approach of national responsibilities and international legal proceedings since the construction and operation of the dam falls within the category of exercising national sovereign rights. If a large scale construction project such as the Three Gorges Dam or operation of a nuclear power plant causes or may cause environmental damage beyond the border of a nation engaged in such an undertaking, countries affected by this undertaking should jointly monitor the environmental effects in a spirit of cooperation rather than trying to stop the construction and should seek cooperative solutions of mutual understanding to establish measures to prevent further damages. If China's Three Gorges Dam construction and operation cause or contain the possibility of causing serious damages to marine environment, China cannot set aside its national responsibility to meet international obligations if China is aware of or knows about the damage that has occurred or may occur but fail to prevent, minimize, reverse or eliminate additional chances of such damages, or fails to put in place measures in order to prevent the recurrence of such damages. However, Korea must be able to prove a causal relationship between the relevant actions and resulting damages if it is to raise objections to the construction or request certain damage-prevention actions against crucial adverse effects on the marine environment out of respect for China's right to develop resources and acts of use thereof. Therefore, it is essential to cumulate continuous monitoring and evaluations information pertaining to marine environmental changes and impacts or responses of affected waters as well as acquisition of scientific baseline data with observed changes in such baseline. As China has adopted a somewhat nonchalant attitude toward taking adequate actions to protect against marine pollution risks or adverse effects caused by the construction and operation of China's Three Gorges Dam, there is a need to persuade China to adopt a more active stance and become involved in the monitoring and co-investigation of the Yellow Sea in order to protect the marine environment. Moreover, there is a need to build a regular environmental monitoring system that includes the evaluation of environmental effects beyond borders. The Espoo Convention can serve as a mechanism to ease potential conflicts of national interest in the Northeast Asian waters where political and historical sensitivities are acute. Especially, the recent diplomatic policy advanced by Korea and China can be implemented as an important example of gentle cooperation as the policy tool of choice is based on regional cooperation or cooperation between different regions.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.438-446
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• 2007

콩 발효식품인 청국장은 어느 정도는 그 기능성 때문에 많은 사람들이 선호하고 있다. 청국장의 발효 과정은 발효미생물이 분비하는 단백질 분해 효소를 포함하는 여러 효소들에 의해 이루어지기 때문에 발효기간 동안 청국장의 단백질체 분석은 발효의 최적화를 이루기 위해서 그리고 청국장에 생성되는 기능성물질 생성 과정을 이해하는 데 도움이 된다. 청국장의 수용성 단백질을 phenol/chloroform 추출 방법으로 분리하여 2-D gel 분석에 방해되는 물질들을 제거하였다. 각 발효 단계에서 단백질 분석을 하였을 때 20시간 안에 대부분의 단백질들이 작은 분자로 분해되었고 수용성 단백질에는 미생물 유래 단백질들이 점차 증가하였다. 청국장의 단백질 프로파일은 natto의 것과는 매우 다른 양상을 2-D gel 상에서 보였다. 각 gel에서 50개의 단백질을 임의로 선발하여 MALDI-TOF MS 분석을 하고 PMF로 단백질을 동정하였다. 결과는 콩이나 발효 미생물들의 유전체 정보가 부족하여 청국장에서 9종 natto에서 15종의 단백질만을 동정할 수 있었다. MS/MS 분석을 통한 아미노산 서열 분석을 통해 얻은 정보를 가지고 BLASTP 검색엔진으로 database를 검색한 결과 제한된 수의 단백질이 낮은 신뢰도 범위에서 동정되었다. 그렇지만 청국장과 같이 복잡한 단백질체를 분석하기에는 본 연구에서 고안한 전체 단백질 분리 기술과 2-D gel 분석적 접근은 단백질을 전체적으로 분석함에 있어 훌륭한 방법이다. 앞으로 청국장의 단백질 변화에 대한 연구는 의미 있는 변화를 보이는 소수의 단백질을 선발하고 이들에 대해 집중적으로 질량분석 하여 단백질을 동정하는 것이 필요하다.