• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol on blastocysts development and subsequent cryosurvival of the vitrification. The ${\alpha}$-tocopherol(0, 100, 200, 400 ${\mu}M$) was added in to culture medium for the bovine embryos. The blasocysts from the ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and untreated control groups were then frozen-thawed, and their cryosurvival was assessed by in vitro culture for 48 h. There were no differences in the overall cleavage rate($56.14{\pm}4.66$, $58.18{\pm}4.70$, $62.97{\pm}6.86$ and $51.17{\pm}7.28$) among four treatment groups. However, in blastocyst development and total cell number were significantly higher in ${\alpha}$-tocopherol 200 ${\mu}M$ ($38.60{\pm}7.12$; $106.33{\pm}3.50$) to culture medium than other treatment groups($29.30{\pm}5.24$, $31.60{\pm}7.12$ and $26.37{\pm}4.18$; $101.36{\pm}5.12$, $97.27{\pm}2.87$, and $91.23{\pm}7.52$ respectively). Before and after vitrification, the total cell number and blastocyst development of embryo were significantly higher in July to August than September to October. In conclusion, addition of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol 200 ${\mu}M$ to in vitro bovine embryo culture medium was beneficial for improving embryo quality by decreasing the embryo damage blsstocysts cell number and improving the tolerance of the embryos to cryopreservation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 1986

The blue-light effect on the grown as well as on the physiological activity of some major horticultural plants in Korea has been investigated. The light quality used for the work was obtained from sunlight filtered by an orangecolored polyethylene film which removed about 70% of visible light in the spectral region of $350㎚{\sim}500㎚$. The film was developed in this laboratory especially for the work and named BCR film meaning blue color-removing film. The light environment in the plastic house which was built with BCR film provided plants with the blue color-deficient sunlight. Thus, the photobiological effect of blue light could be examined conversely by comparing with the effect of white sunlight in a conventional plastic house built with colorless polyethylene film. In a sense of applicability to horticulture, two remarkable effects of the blue color-deficient sunlight on plant physiology were observed: First, it enhanced to a great extent the growth activity of plants-pepper, cucumber, zucchini, tomato, and leaf lettuce at the vegetative stage as well as at the reproductive stage, as demonstrated by their yield which were in average $40{\sim}50%$ increased compared with the control (under white sunlight). Second, it improved significantly the cold tolerance of plants, as exhibited with their resistance to chilling during treatment in a cold chamber maintained at a temperature which caused chilling injury to the plants of control. The visualized effects were reflected on the physiological activity of cells on organelle level. Chloroplast isolated from the plant leaves grown under BCR film showed considerably stronger photosynthetic activity, as judged by the increased electron transport rate of illuminated chloroplast, than that from leaves grown under white PE film. Mitochondria from leaves grown under BCR film maintained normal respiration activity until temperature decreased to a few degree($^{\circ}C$) lower than the temperature which caused respiratory inhibition to mitochondria obtained from leaves of the control.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.112-132
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• 1975

When Korean family planning services began as a part of the National Policy in 1962, the annual population growth was 3.0%. This growth rate has been decreased to 2.0% during last ten year period. And it seems imperative that all hospitals, as well as related organizations, should participate in family planning in order to contribute to achieving the National goal of 1.5% population growth by 1976, the end of the Third Five Year Economic Development Plan. Nurses should be considered the most important human resources in charge of the core of family planning services in any setting. For the family planning services in the general hospital setting, nurses as a core members contribute much as change agent, motivators, counsellors, educators etc. A nurse can work with patients and their relatives when she is equipped with relevant knowledge and skills. Fur the more family planning cannot be ignored even in hospital setting where more comprehensive nursing care is needed Thus, the general objective of this study is to provide baseline data for better programming of In-service education in family planning so that effective hospital family planning nursing services can be made a part of comprehensive nursing care contributing to the national population program and human welfare. In order to meet the general objective, this study has the following specific objectives : 1. To find out the general characteristics of the clinical nurses working in Y Hospital 2. To evaluate their attitudes and practices of family planning 3. To assess their knowledge, attitudes and practices of population and family planning as professional nurses. 4. To examine and compare data collecting methods for the planning of an In-service Educational Program 5. To explore the contents to be included in this In-service Education Program. The study population randomly selected one hundred nurses working in Y Hospital A cross-sectional survey with questionnaires developed for this study was chosen for the study method. To collect reliable data, the questionnaires were distributed to and answered by the study population in a controlled situation. X²test and t-test was employed in analyzing the data. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. Y Hospital nurses had a lower ideal number of children (X=2.02) and showed no strong preference for male children, and 74% of them expressed the desire to use permanent methods of birth control 2. of this thirty Y Hospital nurses who were married 66.7% stated they were already practicing contraceptive methods. Most of them preferred male methods of contraception. 3. According to objective evaluation about knowledge of various aspects of population and family planning, respondents from collegiate programs significantly knew better the subjects on the average than did respondents from diploma programs of nursing. 4. There was a marked difference in the results of self-evaluation and objective evaluation in their family planning knowledge. It was found that the self-evaluation family planning knowledge seemed to be unreliable. Accordingly, the objective test methods appeared to be more reliable in the evaluation of knowledge levels. 5. The subject areas needed to be included in In-service education for the Hospital family planning services in Y Hospital are 1) rhythm methods, 2) tubal-legation, 3) family planning effects of contraceptives, 4) population growth, 5) demographic traction, 6) population structure and 7) infant mortality facts. In addition, 1) various oral contraceptives, 2) basal temperature method, 3) laparoscopic female sterilization, 4) interfering factors of family planning, 5) anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive organs were additional areas to be taught to respondents from 3-year diploma schools of nursing. Demographic transition was one subject area in which the four-year graduates need further study. 6. Population problems guidance and counselling in family planning instruction in the theory and practice of contraceptives should be included in future In-service Education Programs in order to provide more effective hospital Family Planning Services, stated 77.0% of the respondents.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary safflower seed (SFS) powder and chitosan on hatching egg production and eggshell qualify in aged egg-type breeder hens. A total of four hundred 54-week-old Hy-Line Brown breeder hens were divided into five the groups and fed experimental diets either with addition of 0.25 and 0.50% SFS powder or 0.10 and 0.20% chitosan or devoid of all for 6 weeks. There were no significant differences in feed intake and laying performances among the groups. The rate of sellable egg in the groups fed diets containing SFS powder or chitosan was significantly increased compared to that of control (P<0.05), irrespective of dose-dependent manner. The addition of SFS powder or chitosan significantly improved the eggshell strength (P<0.01). Eggshell thickness was also significantly increased in the groups 134 diets containing chitosan as compared with that of control (P<0.01). Fertility and hatchability of egg set were significantly improved by dietary chitosan that those of control (P<0.05). ike contents of tibial Ca and P were significantly increased in the groups fed diets containing 0.5% SFS powder, 0.1 and 0.2% chitosan as compared with those of control. The levels of blood estrogen, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone were not affected by the dietary treatments. The overall results indicated that the proper use of some feed additives such as safflower seed powder and chitosan might provide means of improving eggshell quality and reproductive performances in aged egg-type breeder hens.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2006

Reactive oxygen species(ROS) generated in cellular metabolism have an effect on cell maturation and development. In human reproductive tract, oxidative injury by ROS may induce female infertility. Also, oxidative injury may be responsible for developmental retardation and arrest of mammalian preimplantation embryos. Activating transcription factor 4(ATF4) is a member of the cyclic-AMP response element-binding(CREB) familiy of basic region- leucine zipper(bZip). ATF4 is known to regulate stress response to protect cell from various stress factors and inducer of apoptisis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ATF4 is involved in the defensive mechanism in oxidative stress condition during the development of mouse preimplantation embryos. To verify the expression of ATF4 in oxidative stress condition, 2-cell stage embryos were cultured in HTF media containing 0.1mM, 0.5mM or 1mM hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) for 1hr(2-cell), 8hr(4-cell), 17hr(8-cell), 24hr(morula), 48hr(early blastocyst) or 64hr(late blastocyst). The developmental rate decreased in the 0.1mM $H_2O_2$ treated group compared with control group. In embryos treated with 0.5mM and 1mM $H_2O_2$ showed 2-cell block. As a results of the semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of SOD1, ATF4 and Bax gene expression, SOD1, ATF4 and Bax genes were increased in 0.1mM, 0.5mM, 1mM $H_2O_2$ treated groups compared with control group. In 2-cell embryos, expression of SOD1, ATF4 and Bax genes were notably increased in 0.1mM, 0.5mM, 1mM $H_2O_2$ treated groups compared with control group. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that ATF4 protein was localized at the cytoplasm of preimplantation embryos. The increase in ATF4 immunoreactivety was observed in the 0.1mM, 0.5mM, 1mM $H_2O_2$ treated groups compared with control group. It suggests that oxidative stress by $H_2O_2$ induces expression of ATF4 and may be involved in protection mechanism in preimplantation embryos from oxidative injury.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.226-236
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• 1999

Growth, reproduction, mortality, and production of Laminaria japonica were experimentally studied at a cultivation ground on the coast of llkwang, where the largest amount of cultivated Laminaria has been produced in Korea. For this experiment, young sporophytes (0.33 cm in mean length) grown in the laboratory were transplanted at the depth of 3 m and field surveys on them were conducted twice a month from December, 1995 to August, 1996. Plants exhibited an annual life span; they were completely dead by August. Frond width, thickness, and wet weight showed similar pattern of seasonal growth and reached their maxima in July, but frond length showed no more increment after May. Maximum mean frond length and weight were 199.8 cm and 333.0 g wet wt., respectively. Overall meristematic growth in length and weight were 384.0 cm and 393.6 g wet wt., respectively. Absolute growth rates (AGR) which were calculated from the length of tissue developed from meristem varied seasonally; AGR of length and weight reached maxima in March (3.6 $cm{\cdot}d^{-1}$) and May (3.8 g wet $wt{\cdot}d^{-1}$), respectively. Absolute attrition rates gradually increased from February to July. Seasonal differences in growth and attrition rates appeared to be related to seawater temperature and nitrogen concentration in seawater. Reproductive sporophytes bearing sprorangium sorus began to occur from April, and the ratio of sorus area to blade area reached its maximum in July (0.034). Survival rate was exponentially decreased; more than 90% of plants decayed within 56 days after outplanting. After February, mortality was size-specific; mortality of smaller plants less than 30 cm in length were relatively higher. Maximum biomass occured in July (285.6 kg wet $wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$) and annual production was 758.7 kg wet $wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.266-280
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• 1989

Gonadal maturation of the Korean pomfrets, Pampus echinogaster (Basilewsky) and Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) were histologically investigated based on the samples captured in the East China Sea from January 1987 to December 1988. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of P. echinogaster began to increase from March, and reached maximum between May and July. It began to decrease from July and reached mini-mum between August and February. P. argenteus had a similar cycle, however, P. argenteus has higher values in April than P. echinogaster. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) were positively related to GSI. HIS of P. echinogaster and P. argenteus reached maximum in $April\~July$ and $April\~August$, respectively, Fatness coefficient of two Pampus species were low in the summer, and high in the winter. Ovary is of saccular structure, and testis is of lobular structure. From February, the early oocyte (ca. $100\mu$ in diameter grows) rapidly at the germinal epithelium of ovarian sacs. From March to April the oocytes grew up to cu $400\~500\mu$ in diameter. At this stage, the yolk globules are accumulated rapidly in the cytoplasmic layer. From May, the oocytes roached ca. $650\~850\mu$ in diameter, and they are spawned in $May\~July$. After spawning the residual follicles and remained ripe eggs degenerate. From February, spermatogonia grows into spermatocyte on the epithelium of the testicular lobuli. From May, spermatozoa appeared and spawning occurs. After spawning, the epithelium is thickened and the remained spermatozoa degenerate. Annual reproductive cycle of two Pampus species could be divided into four successive stages: Growing stage ($March\~April$), Mature stage ($April\~May$), Ripe and spent stage ($June\~July$) and Recovery and resting stage ($August\~January$). Absolute fecundity of P. echinogaster was $9,441\~135,294$, and that of P. argenteus was $50,678\~221,894$. Absolute fecundity of two Pampus species were positively related to body length and total weight. Relative fecundity was positively related to body length, while it was reversely related to total weight. The increasing rate of absolute fecundity of P. echinogaster was lower than P. argenteus. In P. echinogaster half of female and male reached first maturity at body length of $15.0\~$17.9cm and $12.0\~14.9cm$, respectively. All of females and males reached first maturity at body length of $18.0\~20.9cm$ and $21.0\~23.9cm, respectively. In P. argenteus all of females and males reached first maturity at body length of 18.6cm and 16.7cm$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1084-1091
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• 2002

Mortierella alpina, a common soil fungus, is the most efficient organism for production of production acid presently known. Since arachidonic acid are important in human brain and retina development, it was undertaken the growing effect containing diet as a food ingredient. Arachidonic acid rich oil derived from Mortierella alpina, was subjected to a program of studies to establish for use in diet supplement. This study was compared the growth and learning effect of fungal oil rich in arachidonic acid by incorporated into diets ad libitum. Sprague-Dawley rats received experimental diets 5 groups (standard AIN 93 based control with beef tallow, extract oil 8%, and 4%, and Mortierella alpina in diet 10% and 20%) over all experiment duration (pre-mating, mating, gestation, lactation, and after weaning 4 weeks). Pups born during this period consumed same diets after wean for 4 weeks. There was no statistical significance of diet effects in reproductive performance and fertility from birth to weaning. But the groups of Mortierella alpine diet were lower of weight gain and diet intake after weaning. The serum lipids were significantly different with diet groups, higher TG in LO (oil 4%) group of dams, and higher total cholesterol in LF (M. alpina 10%) of pups, although serum albumin content was not significantly different in diet group. The spent-time and memory effect within 4 weeks of T-Morris water maze pass test in dam and 7-week- age pups did not differ in diet groups. On the count of backing error in weaning period of pups was lower in HO(extracted oil 8%) group. In the group of 10% and 20% Mortierella alpina diet, DNA content was lower in brain with lower body weight, but liver DNA relative to body weight was higher than control. Further correlation analyses would be needed DNA and arachidonic acid intakes, with Mortierella alpina diet digestion rate.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.138-150
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• 1993

Experiments were carried out to understand how much do the environmental factors affect growth and tuber formation of arrowhead, Sagittaria trifolia L. The more the light transmittance decreased, the more the numbers of leaves and floral axes decreased. The dry matter weight of tops and the number and the fresh weight of formated tuber were significantly different between the light transmittance of more than 50% and that of less than 30% at the 5% level of DMRT. Plant height, number and width of leaves, and number of floral axis were affected by the Light spectra. And the degree of their effects on growth of arrowhead was different form the light spectrum. The natural light and the clear cellophane film were the most effective to increase the number and the fresh weight of formated tuber and the green spectrum was the least effective to do those. Plant height grown at 0-5cm water depth was shorter than that at 10-20cm water depth. The deeper the water depth was, the lower the leaves number was. The fresh weight and the number of arrowhead tuber were most produced at 0cm water depth and theose were least at 20cm water depth. The shoot growth and the tuber formation of arrowhead was much increased with increase of the application rate of fertilizer. The difference of the transplanted tuber size was not affected at the shoot growth, but tuber formation of arrowhead was increased with increase of the transplanted tuber size. From viewing the effect of temperature after rice heading, the shoot growth and the tuber formation at $35^{\circ}C$ were also higher than those at $25^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 2002

Fluoride has been one of the most widely studied caries-preventive agents. But the effect of prenatal administration had been controversies for many years. The results showed that there were no influence on reproductive rate of rats with administration of fluoride from 0 to 20 ppm during pregnancy(p>0.05). There was a trend towards slightly increased the mean ash weight in the 1, 5 and 20 ppm groups, as compared with the control group. However, there was no significant differences among groups (p>0.05). The contents of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the total bone were increased with the administrated fluoride concentration were increased, but there were no statistically significant differences among groups(p>0.05). The mean fluoride level of 1 ppm group was significantly higher than that of control group, but the concentrations of fluoride in total carcass pups of 5 and 20 ppm groups were significantly less than that of 1 ppm group(p>0.05). The results of this study indicate that the amount of fluoride transferred to the offspring, which may produce anticariogenic effects in the primary teeth of their effects in the primary teeth of their offspring.