• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.22.2-23
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• 1994

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.152.1-152.1
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• 2006

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2005

Estrogens are known as the steroid hormones and essential regulators of developments, differentiations, and fertility in animals including humans. Recently, classic focus on estrogens which are considered as female hormone is changing in the whole field of reproductive endocrinology. Especially, interest in estrogen functions in male reproduction is increasing more and more, as numerous studies about the endocrine disruptors, interrupting the endocrine system, are being carried out. To understand exactly the function of estrogen in a male reproductive system, a summary for estrogen receptors upon developmental distributions in testis will be useful. In addition to the regulatory roles of estrogen in male, unexpected exposure to exogenous estrogens causes defects of differentiation of male reproductive system and an injury of spermatogenesis. Also, this review highlights the indicator of exogenous estrogens to perturb male fertility. These approaches would give tile practical information about estrogen roles in male development and reproduction.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.173-195
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• 2023

Objectives: To investigate and analyze the assessment indicators and tools used in clinical practice to assess Korean medicine (KM) treatment for infertility, and to establish a basis for assessment tools to diagnose and assess infertility. Methods: Relevant studies published until March 2023 were extracted from Pubmed, Research Information Sharing Service, and National Digital Science Library databases. Results: Sixty-four studies comprising 4,105 patients were included. We investigated pregnancy outcomes, and assessed pregnancy- and childbirth-related factors, overall health, reproductive health, and mental health. Pregnancy result was most common primary outcome. Ongoing pregnancy, stillbirth, miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy rates were suggested as indicators of pregnancy and childbirth-related assessment. Overall health was most commonly assessed with Likert and Visual analogue scale (VAS). Among reproductive health variables, menstrual history was most frequently assessed. Moreover, indicators such as reproductive function, sexual intercourse, and gynecological disease were assessed. The Infertility Stress Scale and the Fertility Quality of Life tool (FertiQoL) were used to assess mental health. Conclusions: Subjective scales and objective assessment tools, such as the Likert scale and blood tests/ultrasonography, respectively, are used to assess KM infertility treatment. Inconsistent assessment tools make quantitative analyses more challenging. The development of a standardized mental and physical function assessment questionnaire with confirmed reliability and validity ensure the effectiveness of KM infertility treatment, and promote future studies on infertility treatment.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2024

Objective: Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) is a disorder characterized by impaired ovarian function. Sleep disorders are disruptions of the circadian rhythm, which appears to be closely linked to reproductive systems. This study aimed to investigate the impact of poor sleep quality on the ovarian reserve of childbearing-age women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in China from June 2021 to March 2023. In total, 102 participants diagnosed with chronic insomnia disorder were included in the study. Questionnaires were administered to assess participants' menstrual patterns, insomnia severity, anxiety, and depression. The anti-Müllerian hormone level and the basal antral follicle count were measured for ovarian reserve evaluation. Correlation analysis and ordinal logistic regression analysis were conducted. Results: The women with insomnia presented high percentages of hypomenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and dysmenorrhea (78.4%, 74.5%, and 46.1%, respectively). Severe sleep disorder in the past month was identified as an independent risk factor for hypomenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome (odds ratio [OR], 2.64 and OR, 2.688; p<0.05). The prevalence of DOR among women with insomnia (33.3%) was significantly higher than the average reported in previous studies for young women. Insomnia duration exceeding 1 year was determined to be an independent risk factor for DOR in women aged 36 to 40 years (OR, 4.5; p=0.033). Conclusion: This study highlights the association between sleep disorders and menstrual problems. Prolonged poor sleep quality in women aged 36 to 40 years was identified as a significant risk factor for DOR. We should pay more attention to improving sleep quality in order to maintain normal ovarian function.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.107-111
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• 1991

The testicular volume measured by a Prader orchidometer was compared with sperm count in semen, the levels of serum FSH, LH, testosterone, prolactin, estradiol and progesterone in 59 nonobstructive infertile men. 1. The causes of infertility were primary hypogonadisms in 50 patients (35 unknown, 9 Klinefelter syndromes, 6 varicocels) and secondary hypogonadism in 9 (5 isolated FSH deficiencies, 1 hyperprolactinerriia, 3 pituitary hypogonadisms). 2. Decreased levels of serum FSH (less than 4 mIU/ml) did not correlate with testis volume but increased level of serum FSH (more than 20 mIU/ml) were mostly noted in the testis less than 10ml. 3. Decreased level of serum testosterone (less than 3 ng/ml) were distinguishably noted in the atrophied testis less than 5 ml. 4. There was no correlation between the testicular volume and the levels of serum prolactin, estradiol, and progesterone. Coclusively, testicular volume less than 11 ml suggests poor spermatogenesis, but normal testicular volume dose not nessarily rule out poor spermatogenesis. Function of Leydig cell is relatively well preserved in atrophied testis of 5 to 10 ml comparing with that of seminiferous tubule.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.84-99
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• 1982

Water content and its seasonal change in reprodltctive organs were reviewed in relation to cultivation practice s. Precipitati on and humidity under shade roof were reviewed in relation to shading ,jystem and environmental factors. High water content of reproductive organs suggests vulnerability to water stress during reproductive growth stage. Watering during dehisconce treat menu seems to keep optimum temperature but cnoventional practice seems to be too often In watering. Information effe on water physiology of seeds is too rare to develop seed storing method and ctive seed use. Dehiscent mechanism was considered in terms of water absorption of embryo. Precipitation rate of conventional shade roof reaclled to 38% and at line level 50% and varied with shade patterns. Precipitation rate under shade has been investigated for itself but should be investigated in relation to light intensity and soil moisture content Relative humidity under shade depends mainly on air humidity and soil moisture, considerably on shade materials and lithe on pole height, bed width or plant density. Since relative humidity was lower in afternoon it was often less than 50% even in summer with high temperature suggesting possible disorder of phi biological function especially in photosynthesis. More information was needed on optimum humidity for productive physiological function of leaf.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.17-25
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• 1984

Hypothalamic-pituitary function in patients of 6 selected groups of amenorrhea was evaluated by performing premarin test. Selected amenorrheic patients were divided into 6 groups of Turner's syndrome(5), adrenogenital syndrome(3), Sheehan's syndrome(4), moderate hyperprolactinemia(3), severe hyperprolactinemia(9) and functional oligoamenorrhea(9) the diagnoses of which were performed according to modified our own protocol for management of amenorrheic patients. As control 20 normally cycling women in mid follicular phase determined by their symptothermal charts during last 6 months designed by WHO were compared. The premarin test which is one of the tests evaluating the hypothalamic-pituitary function by the principle of negative and positive feed back effect's of estrogen was performed by injecting 20 mg of premarin in volus intravenously. The levels of serum LH before, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after injection of premarin were measured by double antibody technique radioimmunoassay the reagents of which were supplied by WHO. The results were as follows: 1. Both negative and positive feed back effects by exogenous estrogen were well preserved even in the patients of gonadal dysgenesis although the baseline levels were much higher than normal. 2. In the patients of Sheehan's syndrome one could observe the minimal response of feed back effect in the case with minimal pituitary function. 3, Androgens in adrenogenital syndrome and prolactin in hyperprolactinemia may suppress mainly the positive feed back effect rather than the negative one. The suppressive effect can be abolished by proper treatments which can eliminate those suppressive hormones. 4. This premarin test may be beneficial for predicting the result of clomiphene in ovulation induction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1709-1716
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• 2008

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is an infectious disease that causes abortions and respiratory disorders in swine. In this study, the interaction between PRRSV and porcine dendritic cells generated from $CD14^{+}$ monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 was examined. As a result, it was shown that immature and mature dendritic cells can be productively infected with PRRSV. When the expression of surface MHC molecules on infected dendritic cells was determined, MHC classes I and II were found to be downregulated when compared with un infected dendritic cells. With the exception of the IL-4 and IFN-$\gamma$ cytokines, the induction of the IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-$\alpha$ cytokines all increased in dendritic cells infected with PRRSV. A mixed lymphocyte reaction showed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells cocultured with PRRSV-infected dendritic cells were less stimulated than peripheral blood mononuclear cells cocultured with dendritic cells treated with PBS, LPS, or UV-inactivated PRRSV. Therefore, these results suggest that PRRSV would appear to modulate the immune stimulatory function of porcine dendritic cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1477-1486
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• 2009

Female germ cell meiotic divisions are typically asymmetric, giving rise to two daughter cells with different sizes. Spindle movements including spindle migration from the oocyte center to the cortex and spindle rotation from parallel to perpendicular (typically in the mouse) at the cortex are crucial for these asymmetric divisions and therefore are crucial for gamete production. Different regulatory mechanisms for spindle movements have been determined in different species and a wide variety of different molecular components and processes that are involved in spindle movements have also been identified in different species. Here, we review the current state of knowledge as well as our understanding of mechanisms for spindle movements in different systems with focus on three main aspects: microtubules (MT), microfilaments (MF) and molecules associated with cytoskeletal organization as well as molecules that are not directly related to the cytoskeleton. How they might interact or function independently during female meiotic divisions in different species is discussed in detail.