• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1619-1627
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• 1999

Microbiological characteristics of gamma irradiated low salt squid Jeot-gal were examined. Following the fermentation periods, total bacterial cell, Lactobacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and yeast cell number were counted on their selective media and some acid forming bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. were identified. As the gamma irradiation dose increased, the microbial density of early fermentation phase was reduced and the growth rate was delayed. The repression effects on microbiological growth by gamma irradiation were to be higher as salt concentration increased. Adequate conditions of salt concentration and gamma irradiation for low-salt squid Jeot-gal preparation were 10% and 10 kGy, respectively. Lactobacillus sp. 2, Micrococcus varians and Streptococcus sp. I were isolated from 5% salt containing squid Jeot-gal, and Micrococcus morrhuae was from 20% only while Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis were widespread. Lactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus halophilus and Pseudomonas diminuta were sensitive and Lactobacillus plantarum, Micrococcus morrhuae and Pseudomonas sp. 3 were resistant to gamma irradiation. The diversity of microflora decreased as salt concentration decreased and gamma irradiation dose increased.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.655-661
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• 2010

To elucidate the mechanism underlying the suppressive regulation of hST8Sia I expression in retinoic acid (RA)-induced SK-MEL-2 cells, we characterized the promoter region of the hST8Sia I gene. Functional analysis of the 5‘-flanking region of the hST8Sia I gene by the transient expression method showed that the -1146 to -646 region, which contains putative binding sites for transcription factors c-Ets-1, CREB, AP-1 and NF-kB, functions as the RA-repressive promoter in SK-MEL-2 cells. Site-directed mutagenesis and ChIP analyses indicated that the NF-kB binding site at -731 to -722 is crucial for the RA-induced repression of hST8Sia I in SK-MEL-2 cells. In addition, the transcriptional activity of hST8Sia I suppressed by RA in SK-MEL-2 cells was strongly inhibited by extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GO6976, as determined by RT-PCR and luciferase assay of hST8Sia I promoter containing the -1146 to -646 regions. These results suggest that RA markedly modulates transcriptional regulation of hST8Sia I gene expression through the PKC/ERK signal pathway in SK-MEL-2 cells.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.246-254
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• 2005

Analysis of the complete genome of Neurospora crassa reveals that at least 19 proteins contain tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs. One of them shows over $60\%$ homology to Ssn6 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a universal repressor that mediates repression of genes involved in various cellular processes. Mutant strains generated by RIP (repeat-induced point mutation) process showed four distinctive vegetative growth patterns and slow growth in various rates. Firstly, a mutant showed denser mycelial growth, yellow, csp, and looked like ropy mutant. Secondly, slower growth, dense mycelial, and conidial phenotype. Thirdly, extremely slower growth and aconidial. And finally, flat, tittle aerial hyphae, acon, and similar with a rco-1 RIP mutant. They are all male-fertile, yet female-sterile and produced little or no perithecium. It seems that various phenotypes were occurred depending upon mostly likely, the degree of RIP. These results indicate that this gene may be involved in several cellular possess during vegetative growth, and asexual and sexual development. Therefore it is pleiotropic. Sequence analysis of cDNA shows that it encodes a putative 102 kDa protein composed of 917 amino acids, and has six introns. It is designated rcm-1 (regulation of conidiation and morphology).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.300-305
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• 2005

A transcriptionally active fragment $(P_{19})$ isolated by utilizing the promoter-probe shuttle vector pSK1Cat was analyzed. By subcloning analysis, the 180 bp region $(P_{180})$ responsible for the activity was determined. Transcriptional fusion of the C. glutamicum metX gene to $P_{180}\;(P_{180}-metX)$ resulted in a 24-fold increase in MetX activity in a complex medium, while a 13-fold increase was observed with the $P_{tac}$ promoter. Additionally, the expression conferred by $P_{180}$ was not affected by methionine added to the growth medium, suggesting that the $P_{180}$ clone is useful for the deregulated expression of biosynthetic genes in C. glutamicum during amino acid fermentation. Introduction of $P_{180}-metX$ into a lysine-producing C. glutamicum resulted in the production of methionine to 0.8 g/l.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2018

At high salt concentration, glycine betaine is transported into Bacillus subtilis and growing rate of the cell is not suppressed. Also according to recent studies, cell growth is maintained normal growth rate at low temperature. Low temperature results in a stress response of Bacillus subtilis that is characterized by strong repression of major metabolic activities such as translation machinery and membrane transport. In this regards, genes showing cold sensitive phenotype are cold-induced DEAD box RNA helicases (ydbR, yqfR) and fatty acid desaturases (bkdR, des). Therefore to understand the effect of glycine betaine on cold growth of Bacillus subtilis, we investigated the effect of glycine betaine on growth rate of these deletion mutants showing cold sensitive phenotype. Glycine betaine strongly stimulated growth of wild type Bacillus subtilis JH642 and deletion mutants of ydbR and yqfR at $20^{\circ}C$ (190~686 min $T_d$ difference). On the other hands, glycine betaine does not show growth promoting effects on deletion mutants of bkdR, and des at cold conditions. Same cold protectant growth results were shown with the precursor choline instead of glycine betaine. We investigated the effects of detergents on the cell membrane in bkdR and des deficient strains associated with cell membrane. It was identified that bkdR deficient strain shows retarded growth with detergent such as Triton X-100 or N-lauryl sarcosine compared with wild type cell. Thus, it is possible that deletion mutation of bkdR modifies membrane structure and effects on transport of glycine betaine.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 2010

This study was conducted to improve commercial quality of a cut spray chrysanthemum 'Ilweol' bred in Korea by foliar application of daminozide, suppressing excessive elongation of peduncle caused by high temperature in summer season production. Applications were made at three floral bud developmental stage (I, II, and III), and concentrations used were 0, 500, 1000, and $2000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Cut flower length and peduncle length showed the greatest repression of elongation through daminozide treatments at stage III and stage II, respectively. Daminozide also gradually reduced values of those in a concentration-dependant manner. Flower diameter increased compared to control as daminozide was sprayed at later stage but decreased in daminozide concentration-dependant manner. Angle of flower cluster on apical part of whole plant showed the best results when sprayed with $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ at stage III. Among all combinations, $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ daminozide at stage II recorded the highest angle of flower cluster and showed 31.3% increment as compared to control. The number of fully expanded flowers showed the highest values using $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ daminozide at stage III than the other treatments and total floral buds also showed the highest values using $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ daminozide at stage I than the other treatments. In cut spray chrysanthemum cultivar 'Ilweol' bred in Korea, foliar-applying with $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ at stage III most effectively suppressed excessive peduncle elongation, angle of flower cluster, and increased the number of flowers in summer. However, this combination affected negatively the other commercial qualities, reducing cut flower length and flower diameter. Therefore, we recommended that foliar application stage and daminozide concentration was stage III and $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively, in a practical culture and cut flower quality for 'Ilweol'.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1047-1054
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• 2019

Transposable elements (TEs) occupy approximately 45% of the human genome and can enter functional genes randomly. During evolutionary radiation, multiple copies of TEs are produced by duplication events. Those elements contribute to biodiversity and phylogenomics. Most of them are controlled by epigenetic regulation, such as methylation or acetylation. Every species contains their own specific mobile elements, and they are divided into DNA transposons and retrotransposons. Retrotransposons can be divided by the presence of a long terminal repeat (LTR). They show various biological functions, such as promoter, enhancer, exonization, rearrangement, and alternative splicing. Also, they are strongly implicated to genomic instability, causing various diseases. Therefore, they could be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases such as cancers. Recently, it was found that TEs could produce miRNAs, which play roles in gene inhibition through mRNA cleavage or translational repression, binding seed regions of target genes. Studies of TE-derived miRNAs offer a potential for the expression of functional genes. Comparative analyses of different types of miRNAs in various species and tissues could be of interest in the fields of evolution and phylogeny. Those events allow us to understand the importance of TEs in relation to biological roles and various diseases.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1010-1020
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• 2022

Objective: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy on the expressions of genes involved in growth and development in ovine fetal perirenal brown adipose tissue (BAT). Methods: Eighteen ewes with singleton fetuses were allocated to three groups at day 90 of pregnancy: restricted group 1 (RG1, 0.33 MJ metabolisable energy [ME]/kg body weight [BW]^0.75/d, n = 6), restricted group 2 (RG2, 0.18 MJ ME/kg BW^0.75/d, n = 6), and a control group (CG, ad libitum, 0.67 MJ ME/kg BW^0.75/d, n = 6). The fetuses were removed at day 140 of pregnancy. All data were analyzed by using the analysis of variance procedure. Results: The perirenal fat weight (p = 0.0077) and perirenal fat growth rate (p = 0.0074) were reduced in RG2 compared to CG. In fetal perirenal BAT, the protein level of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) (p = 0.0001) was lower in RG1 and RG2 compared with CG and UCP1 mRNA expression (p = 0.0265) was decreased in RG2. The protein level of myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) was also decreased in RG2 (p = 0.0001). In addition, mRNA expressions of CyclinA (p = 0.0109), CyclinB (p = 0.0019), CyclinD (p = 0.0015), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) (p = 0.0001), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) (p = 0.0323), E2F4 (p = 0.0101), and E2F5 (p = 0.0018) were lower in RG1 and RG2. There were decreased protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) (p = 0.0043) and mRNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBPα) (p = 0.0307) in RG2 and decreased PPARγ mRNA expression (p = 0.0008) and C/EBPα protein expression (p = 0.0015) in both RG2 and RG1. Furthermore, mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) (p = 0.0083) and BMP7 (p = 0.0330) decreased in RG2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) reduced in RG2 and RG1. Conclusion: Our observations support that repression of regulatory factors promoting differentiation and development results in the inhibition of BAT maturation in fetal perirenal fat during late pregnancy with maternal undernutrition.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.475-503
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to clarify the constructs of emotion suppression and help understanding on the multidimensional nature of emotion suppression by classifying constructs for suppression according to the KMW model. Also, this study examined the gender differences of emotion suppression. For this purpose, 657 adult male and female subjects were evaluated for attitude toward emotions, and difficulty in emotional regulation, as well as depression, state anger and daily stress scale. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis on the scales related to the emotion suppression factors, the emotion suppression factors corresponding to each stage of the KMW model were found to be 'distraction against emotional information, 'difficulty in understanding and interpretation of emotions', 'emotion control beliefs', 'vulnerability on emotional expression beliefs'. Next, the study participants were classified by performing a cluster analysis based on each emotion suppression factor. As a result, four clusters were extracted and named 'emotional control belief cluster', 'emotional expression cluster', 'emotional attention failure cluster', and 'general emotional suppression cluster'. As a result of examining the average difference of male depression, depression, state anger, and daily stress for each group, significant differences were found in all dependent variables. As a result of examining whether there is a difference in the frequency of emotional suppression clusters according to gender, the frequency of emotional suppression clusters was high in men, and the ratio of emotional expression clusters was high in women. Finally, it was analyzed whether there was a gender difference in the effect of the emotional suppression cluster on psychosocial adaptation, and the implications were discussed based on the results of this study.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.517-522
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• 2001

To Confirm the repression of off-odor and improvement of food quality in small black bean chungkugjang (SBC), some taste compounds of SBC added with kiwi and radish homogenate and fermented fro 3 days at 42$^{\circ}C$ were investigated. Contents of free amino acids in SBC were lower than that of soybean chungkugjang (SC) and were increased by adding kiwi and radish homogenate to black bean, indicating that two materials were effective to the enzymatic digestibility of soy protein. Of organic acids, citric acid was the most abundant, followed by acetic acid and lactic acid. Fatty acid composition was high in the order of linoleic acid (50.82~54.51%), oleic acid (17.76%~22.10%) and plamitic acid(12.13~13.79%). There were no significant difference in compositions of organic acids and fatty acids of chungkugjang. Major volatile compounds of SBC were indole , 2-5-dimethyl pyrazine and trimethyl pyrazine. Contents of alkyl pyrazines that contribute the characteristic aroma and flavor of SBC added and fermented with kiwi and radish homogenate were 3 times lower than those of SC. Uracil and UMP were major nucleic acie-drlated compounds in all four chungkugjangs. Contents of the other nucleic acid-related compounds were a similar trend in all chungkugjangs.