• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2012

This study sets out to examine how a brand image that matches the advertising model has a positive impact on brand attitude and price fairness perceptions. We reviewed the constructs on the basis of previous studies and each of the concepts has been redefined. One such concept, "image congruence," refers to the harmony, fitness, and matching quality of images. For example, how well celebrity advertising model is matches the brand image shows image congruence. Results are summarized as follows: First, the congruence of brand image and sports advertising model has no significant impact on brand attitude certainty and persistence. Second, the individual's brand attitude certainty and brand attitude persistence has a positive impact on the perceptions of price fairness. Third, the congruence of brand image and sports advertising model has a positive impact on the perceptions of price fairness. The first and the third results suggest that the positive impact on the price fairness perceptions is temporary but it has insignificant effects on the formation of brand attitude causing ongoing purchases. In other words, in order to influence consumers' long-term confidence on the brand, improving the quality of products or services has to precede promotional strategies such as advertising. When an advertising model is inappropriate for the brand image, consumers perceive product price changes as a negative issue in the short term. However, in the long term, attitude formation such as consumers' repurchase intentions and word of mouth will be not affected. The second result suggests that an already existing positive brand attitude can contribute more positively to change the perceptions of price fairness. In particular, attitude persistence has greater influence than attitude certainty on the price fairness. It suggests that persistence issues such as the trading period and the frequency of transactions must be managed and controlled because they are more important than the certainty issues such as strength of belief or trust. For example, when a commercial model for expensive sporting goods matches up with the brand image, consumer feels less pressure on the price changes. However, it does not determine the consumer's repeated purchases or sustainable transactions and it also has no absolute impact on the brand trust. In other words, consumer brand attitude should be recognized and approached as a routine strategy in view of the result that it is of great value as a causal variable in the process of consumer decision-making.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to verify the impact of cognitive factors and GSR on the task performance. For this study 64 students participated. Multiple regression and repeated measures were applied to analyze the data. The result for the survey indicated that previous knowledge, physical efforts, and task difficulty had significant impacts on task performance. Particularly, task difficulty has a negative impact. This can be interpreted as someone who has high prior knowledge inputs higher physical efforts with low task difficulty perception will show high performance. On the other hand, the low arousal level of GSR in the evaluation stage is a prediction variable of task performance. This result shows that high prior knowledge and low arousal level of GSR produces high performance. However, the analysis of difference in GSR between learning and evaluation stages does not show significant difference. It suggests that physiological measure such as GSR is reliable index of cognitive load; however, it partially represents cognitive load. Other crucial factors should be added for comprehensive measures.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 1989

It has been very important in various industry fields to improve the fatigue strength characteristics of bearings such as bearing life, fatigue limit, etc., because such poor properties could result in shortening the machinery life as well as in decreasing the accuracy. However, no successful heat treatment criterion seems to be available at present. In this study, the effect of the $170^{\circ}C\times120min$ tempering cycles repeated after $380^{\circ}C\times80min$ oil quenching for $800^{\circ}C$ spheroidizing-annealed bearing steel (STB2) as base metal on the $120^{\circ}C$ high temperature rotary bending fatigue strength characteristics were investigated, including the effects on hardness, Charpy impact value and micro-structure, in order to seek for the best heat treatment condition finally. The important results obtained are as follows : 1) The optimal cycle of tempering so that the fatigue strength .sigma. could become the highest was the 4th cycle. And it is confirmed that this $\sigma_{F}$ is about 6 times more increased than that of base metal, and about 1.3 times more increased than the case of the 1 cycle tempered. 2) As a result of the investigation for the effects of tempering cycles on hardness, the hardness at the tempering number of 2 thru 5 cyles was not decreased severely ; only about 10% decrease from those of the quenched and 1 cycle tempered case. Such hardness is equivalent to $H_{R}$/C61-62 with no bad effect on anti-abrasion of bearing steel. 3) In the case of 2 thru 5 cycle tempering as well as 1 cycle tempering, the impact value was not so improved comparing with the case of quenching, but an increase of 5 to 10% could be expected at least. 4) It was experimentally confirmed that the control of the mechanical properties improvement such as fatigue strength and fatigue life for bearing steels could be possible by the number of tempering cycles.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.638-638
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• 1989

It has been very important in various industry fields to improve the fatigue strength characteristics of bearings such as bearing life, fatigue limit, etc., because such poor properties could result in shortening the machinery life as well as in decreasing the accuracy. However, no successful heat treatment criterion seems to be available at present. In this study, the effect of the $170^{\circ}C\times120min$ tempering cycles repeated after $380^{\circ}C\times80min$ oil quenching for $800^{\circ}C$ spheroidizing-annealed bearing steel (STB2) as base metal on the $120^{\circ}C$ high temperature rotary bending fatigue strength characteristics were investigated, including the effects on hardness, Charpy impact value and micro-structure, in order to seek for the best heat treatment condition finally. The important results obtained are as follows : 1) The optimal cycle of tempering so that the fatigue strength .sigma. could become the highest was the 4th cycle. And it is confirmed that this $\sigma_{F}$ is about 6 times more increased than that of base metal, and about 1.3 times more increased than the case of the 1 cycle tempered. 2) As a result of the investigation for the effects of tempering cycles on hardness, the hardness at the tempering number of 2 thru 5 cyles was not decreased severely ; only about 10% decrease from those of the quenched and 1 cycle tempered case. Such hardness is equivalent to $H_{R}$/C61-62 with no bad effect on anti-abrasion of bearing steel. 3) In the case of 2 thru 5 cycle tempering as well as 1 cycle tempering, the impact value was not so improved comparing with the case of quenching, but an increase of 5 to 10% could be expected at least. 4) It was experimentally confirmed that the control of the mechanical properties improvement such as fatigue strength and fatigue life for bearing steels could be possible by the number of tempering cycles.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.53-83
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• 2015

Recently, climate change risk assessment has been discussed as a medium process for making climate change adaptation policies in the research field of climate change adaptation. Climate change risk assessment has been understood to have an intermediary role among impact assessment, vulnerable assessment and policy, and is used in the process of devising adaptation policies in the United Kingdom (UK). This paper quantitatively assessed the risks of climate change in Korea, applied the methods used in the UK, underwent the classification process and suggested implications of Korean adaptation policies. A survey of experts, based on Delphi's method and the classification criterion developed by Klinke and Renn(2002), was also carried out. A list of climate risks was created from the climate change impact and vulnerability assessment report of Korea, first national adaptation policy of Korea, and general climate risks of the UK. From the results, 42 risks out of total 125 risks were selected based on their importance. The assessed risks with factors, such as high impact and urgency, are related to repeated and large scale damage from storms and floods caused by abnormal or extreme weather events. Ecological changes and social infrastructure risks were engaged as required as a policy response for medium to longer term. As for making the classification, types of climate risks were suggested to manage the basic capacity in relation to social trust, triggering mechanism and responsibility. Following suggestions are put forward as the base of autonomous adaptation: increasing the capacity of civil society, mutual trust and civil participation in adaptation policy process.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2010

This study utilises repeated numerical tests to understand the effects of variable near-surface conditions on time-lapse seismic surveys. The numerical tests were aimed at reproducing the significant scattering observed in field experiments conducted at the Naylor site in the Otway Basin for the purpose of $CO_2$ sequestration. In particular, the variation of elastic properties of both the top soil and the deeper rugose clay/limestone interface as a function of varying water saturation were investigated. Such tests simulate the measurements conducted in dry and wet seasons and to evaluate the contribution of these seasonal variations to seismic measurements in terms of non-repeatability. Full elastic pre-stack modelling experiments were carried out to quantify these effects and evaluate their individual contributions. The results show that the relatively simple scattering effects of the corrugated near-surface clay/limestone interface can have a profound effect on time-lapse surveys. The experiments also show that the changes in top soil saturation could potentially affect seismic signature even more than the corrugated deeper surface. Overall agreement between numerically predicted and in situ measured normalised root-mean-square (NRMS) differences between repeated (time-lapse) 2D seismic surveys warrant further investigation. Future field studies will include in situ measurements of the elastic properties of the weathered zone through the use of 'micro Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP)' arrays and very dense refraction surveys. The results of this work may impact on other areas not associated with $CO_2$ sequestration, such as imaging oil production over areas where producing fields suffer from a karstic topography, such as in the Middle East and Australia.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.386-393
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• 2013

In this study, the so-called repeated plate load bearing test (RPBT) used to get $E_{v2}$ values in order to check the degree of compaction of subgrade, and to get design parameters for determining the thickness of the trackbed foundation, is investigated. The test procedure of the RPBT method is scrutinized in detail. $E_{v2}$ values obtained from the field were verified in order to check the reliability of the test data. The $E_{v2}$ values obtained from high-speed rail construction sites were compared to converted modulus values obtained from resonant column (RC) test results. For these tests, medium-size samples composed of the same soils from the field were used after analyzing stress and strain levels existing in the soil below the repeated loading plates. Finite element analyses, using the PLAXIS and ABAQUS programs, were performed in order to investigate the impact of the strain influence coefficient. This was done by getting newly computed $I_z$ to get the precise strain level predicted on the subgrade surface in the full track structure; under wheel loading. It was verified that it is necessary to use precise loading steps to construct nonlinear load-settlement curves from RPBT in order to get correct $E_{v2}$ values at the proper strain levels.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.324-332
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the stress distribution of teeth and jaw on load by differentiating property of materials according to each layer of widely used mouthguard. Materials and methods: A Korean adult having normal cranium and mandible was selected to examine. A customized mouthguard was constructed by use of DRUFOMAT plate and DRUFOMAT-TE/-SQ of Dreve Co. according to Signature Mouthguard system. The cranium was scanned by means of computed tomography with 1mm interval. It was modeled with CANTIBio BIONIX/Body Builder program and simulated and interpreted using Alter HyperMesh program. The mouthguard was classified as follows according to the layers. (1) soft guard (Bioplast)(SG) (2) hard guard (Duran)(HG) (3) medium guard (Drufomat)(MG) (4) soft layer + hard layer (SG + HG) (5) hard layer + soft layer (HG + SG) (6) soft layer + hard layer + soft layer (SG + HG + SG) (7) hard layer + soft layer + hard layer (HG + SG + HG) The impact locations on mandible were gnathion, the center of inferior border, and the anterior edge of gonial angle. And the impact directions were oblique ($45^{\circ}$). The impact load was 800 N for 0.1 sec. The stress distribution was measured at maxillary teeth, TMJ and maxilla. The statistics were conducted using Repeated ANOVA and in case of difference, Duncan test was used as post analysis. Results: In teeth and maxilla, the mouthguard contacting soft layer of mandibular teeth presented lowest stress measure and, in contrast, in condyle, the mouthguard contacting hard layer of mandibular teeth presented lowest stress measure. Conclusion: For all impact directions, soft layer + hard layer + soft layer, the mouthguard with three layers which the hard layer is sandwiched between two soft layers, showed relatively even distribution of stress in impact.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.187-196
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• 2020

We tried to do research on main views(risk and knowledge-based) and propose user knowledge as a factor to be managed in order to strengthen the performance. This study empirically analyzed the user-related and project management risk that affect the IT project performance, and verified user knowledge as a moderating variable. The survey was conducted for respondents who have experience on IT Project of public sector and data were analyzed by Smart PLS 3.0. The results show that low user-related and project management risks have a positive effect on performance. In addition, user knowledge has been shown to enhance the impact of two risks on performance. These findings are meaningful in that they emphasize the importance of user knowledge in public-sector IT projects, as well as the repeated verification of integrated research results.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

In this study, the impact of sand and weathered granite soil is analyzed by changing the internal temperature from $20^{\circ}C{\sim}70^{\circ}C$C by installing a heating coil inside the triaxial cell. To check the effect on weathered granite soil due to increase of temperature and number of heating-coiling cycles are analyzed by measuring the temperature by using thermometer installed inside the triaxial cell and due to that deviator stress also occurred during the consolidated undrained test. To analyze the effect of weathered granite soil with change of temperature during undrained testing. The deviator stress and pore pressure is measured. As a result, pore pressure increases and the deviator stress decreases with rise of temperature.