• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.371-376
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• 2010

Glycyrrhizae radix (GR) is an herbal medicine that is commonly used in the East Asia for treating a variety of diseases, including stomach disorders. The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-stress effects of GR on repeated stress-induced alterations of anxiety, learning and memory in rats. Restraint stress was administered for 14 days (2 h/day) to the rats in the Control and GR groups (400 mg/kg/day, PO). Starting on the eighth day, the rats were tested for spatial memory on the Morris water maze test (MW) and for anxiety on the elevated plus maze (EPM). We studied the changes of the expressions of cholineacetyl transferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the locus coerleus (LC) using immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the rats treated with GR had significantly reduced stress-induced deficits on their learning and memory on the spatial memory tasks. In addition, the ChAT immunoreactivities were increased. Gor the EPM, treatment with GR increased the time spent in the open arms (p<0.001) as compared to that of the control group. Moreover, GR treatment also normalized the increases of the TH expression in the LC (p<0.001). In conclusion, administration of GR improved spatial learning and memory and reduced stress-induced anxiety. Thus, the present results suggest that GR has the potential to attenuate the behavioral and neurochemical impairments caused by stress.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 1995

To produce ethanol from Jerusalem artichoke powder efficiently, Kluyveromyces marxianus FO43 cells were encapsulated in 2% sodium alginate and were cultured in batch reactor to investigate the fermentation properties. Batch culture of immobilized cells left for 4 days in 15% Jerusalem artichoke medium showed ethanol concentration of 3.38%(w/v) and ethanol yield to theoretical value of 54.20%, lower than 3.76%(w/v) and 71.13% for the culture of free cells. Addition of cellulase to $15{\sim}20%$ Jerusalem artichoke media increased the production of ethanol, owing to remarkable reduction in consistency of the suspension. So it was possible to achieve an ethanol concentration of 5.57%(w/v) arid an ethanol yield to theoretical value of 68.86% in even 20% Jerusalem artichoke medium by cultivation of immobilized cells for 4 days. The alginate beads showed constant ethanol productivity after recycling 11 times (22 days) in repeated batch fermentation.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.224-240
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• 2002

As social changes, there are growing number of instituted infants. Most of them were poor growth and developmental outcome due to situational and environmental vulnerability. Developmental interventions for this infants have been the subjects of debate for many years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of massage intervention on the physical growth of orphaned infants during the first 6 month of life. This study utilized equivalent control group with repeated measuring by quasi experimental design. Fifty eight orphaned infants were randomly assigned to control(n=28), or an experimental(n=30) group. In addition to routine orphanage care, infants in the experimental group received 15 minutes of massage intervention twice a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. Data has been collected from April 1st, 2000 to August 31st, 2002 and were analyzed using SPSS/PC(Version 10.0) with chi-square test, t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA to determine the effectiveness of massage intervention and to test the homogeneity of general characteristics between experimental and control group. The results were as follows; Compared to the control group, the experimental group has gained significantly more weight(F=33.52, p < .0001) and had larger increases in length(F=10.04, p < .0001) and head circumference(F=49.78, p < .000) after the 4-week intervention period and at 6 months of age. These data demonstrate that massage intervention may be effective in facilitating growth for newborn infants placed in orphanages during first 6 months of life.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.33-53
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• 2003

A Study on the color comparison of Korean Saek-dong and Italian futurist fashion It is generally recognized that the color scheme and its characteristics as a product of living culture are strongly reflected in clothing. This study concentrates on the color comparison of Korean Saek-dong which has been used in traditional Korean clothing and Italian futurist fashion which showed dynamic characteristics and brilliant colors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the external format, emotions, functions and meanings of the colors in Korean Saek-dong and Futurist fashion, and to find similarities and differences between them. The results of the study are as follows. The similarities between them are harmony of vivid colors like a rainbow, no-use of black color and expression of rhythm through repeated geometrical shapes. They have been used as festive costumes and have implied meaning of happiness and pleasure. The differences, in the external formats, are as follows. Korean Saek-dong has striped patterns including the color white, and has regular distances among the stripes. But, Futurist fashion includes luminous or fluorescent colors and metallic colors. In addition, it has repeated motifs of geometrical shapes and geometrically divided areas. While Saek-dong expresses Sangsaeng through the conceptual use of color, Futurist fashion shows simultaneity, speed and dynamics through spiritual functions of crossing and inter-penetration. In emotional aspect, Saek-dong expresses pleasure of children's mind and Futurist fashion expresses pleasure of city. In functional aspect, Saek-dons expresses a concept of ceremonial beauty, which is spiritual and symbolizes good auspices, holiness and sorcery. So it is used for ceremonial costume. But, Futurist fashion reflects the harmony of colors created from modem and urban images and shows the willingness and emotion of solving futuristic avant-garde, modernity, dynamics, transformation and bellicosity. So it is used for daywear. While Saek-dong represents succession of tradition, Futurist fashion represents resistance of tradition in cultural aspects.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.330-334
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• 1999

Applying the method of quantitative analysis of pycnidiospore from the detached warts produced by the infection of Botryosphaeria dothidea on apple stems, repeated productivity of spores within the detached warts, variations in the amount of spores within the detached warts, variations in the amount of spores by the length of induction time for sporulation, and the effects of temperature and moisture on the sporulation were investigated. In addition to these experiment, the changes in the state of spores within the pycnidia contained in the warts accompanied by the induction of sporulation and dispersal of spores were also investigated. When detached warts were kept in moist conditions, the sporulation and discharge of spores were also investigated. When detached warts were kept in moist conditions, the sporulation and discharge of spores could be repeated several times, and the amount of spores were almost constant after each repeat of sporulation induction and dispersal of spores in a given period. The fact that the pycnidia filled with spores were observed at considerable rates within the warts which were subjected to the shaking in the water to release spores indicated that the spores might never be released until the pycnidia were fully matured. From the high rate of empty pycnidia even in the warts which were kept in moist conditions for induction of sporulation, the pycnidiospores might be produced through the development of new pycnidia. A considerable amount of pycnidiospores were produced at $5^{\circ}$, and the sporulation was accelerated with the rise of temperature until $35^{\circ}$. When the warts were supplied with sufficient moisture, sporulation was further accelerated. The results obtained in these experiment will be applied in developing the method for assessing the inhibitory efficacies of fungicides on the sporulation of this fungus, with which a new control measure would be developed.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.260-270
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• 2006

In this research, the curly dock was used in the process of dyeing for fabrics of the inner wear & the patient wear. Since the curly dock has a pharmacological effect on dermatosis, this study focused on the variety of color and functions of the inner wear fabrics & patient wear fabrics to make the best use of the pharmacological effect of curly dock. With regards to giving a variety of colors and functions in the inner wear, patient wear fabrics, the curly dock dye was used in each treatment conditions on the cotton & silk fabrics. After dyeing, the dyeability, color change, light fastness, washing fastness, perspiration fastness, antibiosis, far infrared emissivity and emission power were evaluated. The evaluation results are as follows; The dyeablity increased from repeated dyeing and, by using the mordant, variety of colors such as skin, mustard, greyish-brown and dark earth colors were conformed to the naked eye. Fe mordant was better than Al on the lightfastness and the washing fastness. The repeated dyeing was found out to have less effect on neither lightfastness nor washing fastness. Both silk and cotton fabrics were graded $3{\sim}4$, since their degree of degradation appeared to be the same in alkali perspiration and acidic perspiration. In the case of silk fabrics mordanted by Al, the rate of declining in both Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 4352 were 99.9%. In addition, the antibiosis was enhanced when the mordant was used. The far infrared was 86.6% of emissivity, $3.34{\times}10^2\;W/m^2{\cdot}{\mu}m$ emission power.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.102-114
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• 2009

Objectives: HMCO5 is an extract obtained from 8 different herbal mixtures. We undertook a safety evaluation of HMCO5 for a dose range finding (DRF) toxicity test in specific pathogen free (SPF) Sprague-Dawley (SD) male and female rats. Methods: The male and female rats were divided into 4 groups, respectively; G(0), treated with distilled water: G(1), treated with 222 mg/kg HMC05: G(2), treated with 667 mg/kg HMC05, and G(3), treated with 2,000 mg/kg HMC05; HMC05 was administered orally for 4 weeks. The safety evaluation examined clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, water consumption, ophthalmic findings, urinalysis, hematological values, absolute & relative organ weights, and necropsy findings during the tests. Results: There were no changes in clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, water consumption, and ophthalmic findings examined during the test periods. In serum biochemical values, triglyceride was increased in male group G(3) and Na$^+$ decreased significantly in male groups G(2), G(3) and G(4). In male group G(4), spleen weight decreased relatively and increases of absolute & relative left ovary weights were found. In addition, an adhesion of liver to diaphragm was found in male group G(2). However, we could not find any dose-interrelationships in these changes. Conclusions: These results indicate that HMC05 extract did not show any toxicity in the DRF toxicity study. Therefore, it suggests that establishment of 1,000, 333 and 111 mg/kg dosages are moderate in a repeated dose 26-week oral toxicity study of HMC05.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.114-125
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• 2006

Since wireless Internet services and small mobile communication devices come into wide use as well as the use of GPS is rapidly growing, researches on moving object, whose location information shifts sequently in accordance with time interval, are being carried out actively. Especially, the researches on vehicle moving object are applied to Advanced traveler information system, vehicle tracking system, and distribution transport system. These systems are very useful in searching previous positions, predicted future positions, the optimum course, and the shortest course of a vehicle by managing historical data of the vehicle movement. In addition, vehicle historical data are used for distribution transport plan and vehicle allocation. Vehicle historical data are stored at regular intervals, which can have a pattern. For example, a vehicle going repeatedly around a specific section follows a route very similar to another. If historical data of the vehicle with a repeated route course are stored at regular intervals, many redundant data occur, which result in much waste of storage. Therefore this thesis suggest a vehicle historical data store scheme for vehicles with a repeated route course using similar trajectory which efficiently store vehicle historical data.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.677-685
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• 2015

Background The survival rate of grafted fat is difficult to predict, and repeated procedures are frequently required. In this study, the effects of the freezing period of harvested adipose tissue and the addition of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) on the process of fat absorption were studied. Methods Adipose tissue was obtained from patients who underwent a lipoaspirated fat graft. The fat tissue was cryopreserved at $-20^{\circ}C$ in a domestic refrigerator. A total of 40 nude mice were used. The mice in the experimental group received three different subcutaneous injections in the back: an injection of fresh fat and ASCs, an injection of fat that had been frozen for one month and ASCs, and an injection of fat that had been frozen for two months and ASCs. The control mice received fat grafts without ASCs. The mice were sacrificed at four or eight weeks after the procedure, and the grafted fat tissues were harvested. The extracted fat was evaluated using photographic analysis, volume measurements, and histological examination. Results In the control group, the fat resorption rates four weeks after transplantation in the grafts of fresh fat, fat that had been frozen for one month, and fat that had been frozen for two months were 21.14%, 22.46%, and 42.56%, respectively. In the experimental group, the corresponding resorption rates were 6.68%, 13.0%, and 33.9%, respectively. Conclusions ASCs can increase the fat graft survival rate. The use of ASCs in fat grafting can reduce the need for repeated fat grafts and provide good long term results.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.267-275
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• 1999

Bovine somatotropin is known to improve the growth rate and lactation in cattle. In this study, we examined the concentration-time profiles of a sustained-release formulation of bovine somatotropin (BST) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in plasma and milk in cows. In addition, the possible effect of co-administrated vitamin ADE complex on the pharmacokinetic parameters of BST and IGF-1 was evaluated. 1. Plasma BST and IGF-1 levels reached the peak at 12~24 and 48 hours after the administration of BST, and plasma half-lives ranged 100 to 137 and 201 to 310 hours, respectively. To 8th day after administration, BST and IGF-1 levels in milk were not significantly different from the control levels. 2. Plasma BST levels showed cyclic pattern with high concentrations in early stage after each injection and following gradual declining during repeated administrations at 2 week intervals, while plasma IGF-1 levels in treated animals did not show such a cyclic pattern, but remained higher than the control levels. 3. Milk BST and IGF-1 levels during repeated treatments were not significantly different from the control levels. 4. Co-administration of vitamin ADE complex yielded slightly increased AUC of plasma BST for high dose group, but such effect was not evident in the IGF-1 levels. Co-administration of ADE complex tended to increase plasma BST levels and decrease the elimination half-life of IGF-1. 5. These results suggest that the BST formulation tested is one of the ideal sustained-release formulation for long term use in dairy industry. As for the co-administration of vitamin ADE complex, the benefit of co-administration with BST is needed to be further evaluated.