• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.604-619
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the problems facecl by adolescents who have nephrotic syndrome and who have struggled with their disease over a long time. Information obtained from this study can be utilized as basic data in planning nursing care for these adolescents. The subjects in this study were 13 adolescents who were being treated in the pediatric OPD of one general hospital in Seoul. The treatment period ranged from 2 to 15 years. The tool for this study was constructed after asking patients with nephrotic syndrome about their problems using anunstructured questionalire. Problem items which were observed during nursing cared in the pediatric unit. were also inclucled. Ten problem items were constructed on the basis of Moonlcy's problem check list and two additional items related to diet and physical activity were added to the list. The results of this study can be summerized as follows : adolescents with Nephrotic Syndrome. 1) have a vague knowledge about their illness and have distorted concepts. 2) feel social isolation within their peer group because of their changed appearance, limited physical activity and special diet regimen. 3) have problesm in heterosexual relationship because of short height in boys and changes in body propotions in girls. 4) think that their personality has changed due to illness. In most cases(8) changes were in a negative direct ion but in two cases they were positive. 5) have problems with scholastic achievement due to physical weakness and school absence. 6) who are in late adolescentce are more realistic and plan for their future taking into consideration their prognosis much more so than do patients who are in early adolescence. 7) have problems in their peer relationships. 8) have limitation their enjoy ment of leisure time. 9) have some conflict with their siblings. 10) think religion is significant and it has and influence on their life.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the ethical dilemma and coping types of nurses, and identify the relationship between ethical dilemma and coping types of nurses. The subjects of this study consisted of 210 nurses from two university hospitals in Taegu and one university hospital and one general hospital in Pohang. The data were collected with self reported questionnaire from June 2003 to July 2003. The data were analysed using the SPSS program. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The mean score of level of ethical dilemma was 0.55/1, and client area was the highest(M=0.65). 2. The mean score of level of coping about ethical dilemma was 2.22/4, and seeking social support area was the highest (M=2.42). 3. The conflict of proffering the best care with courtesy to impolite patient was the highest in total items of ethical dilemma. Criticized or lectured myself was the highest in total items of coping type. 4. In general characteristics, age(F=4.74, p<.01), marital status(t=2.67, p<.01), career (F=5.95, p<.01) were significantly related to level of ethical dilemma and religion(t=2.27, p<.05) was significantly related to types of coping. There was positive correlation between ethical dilemma and types of coping(r=.228, p<.01). On the basis of these findings, it is needed a correlation study according to category of ethical dilemma and coping types of nurses, and to develop the coping strategy that resolves ethical dilemma in nursing practice.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.199-211
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• 2008

Hong, You-Son($1452{\sim}1529$) overcame his suffering, caused by his low social standing, through Taoism. Hong, You-Son could be infatuated with Taoism because Taoism was still spread all over the country in early Chosun dynasty and in more permissive atmosphere than the atmosphere after the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. Therefore, Taoist health prevention, not religion, reflecting theory of Taoist hermit and wishing for perennial youth and long life was prevalent among the intellectual class in that period. In addition, it was very fascinating idea for Chosun intellectual class to prevent health with practice because medicine was not developed in that period. The importance of his health prevention was vitality ; he insisted that people can get health and long life with it and need mind practice to discard greed of this life. His advocacy was agreed with Kim, Si-Seup, and Chung, Ryum, the members of Danhak School, and his health prevention became a base for medicine developments preventive medicine. Hong, You-Son seemed to use Taoism not to avoid temporally, but to overcome his suffering, and furthermore, find out self identity. He became one of major members of Danhak School because the ideas of Taoism such as accomplishing health and long life with self practice and achieving self satisfaction with discarding utilitarianism was fitted for conflict mind of Hong, You-Son. Taoist ideas were reflected in his poetry and his everyday life ; he identified a Taoist hermit with Himself in his poetry and acted like a hermit in his everyday life.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.543-555
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• 2010

In his early poems, Wallace Stevens shows us different gestures, compared with his later poems, when he acquires reality by faculty of imagination. The former is made of ontological violence while the latter is revealed by bareness of less sensuality. However, they are the identical gestures, though from different angles, to accomplish things as they are rather than the ideas of things. In "Sunday Morning," ontological violence occurs in such epistemological couples as thought and thing, mind and world, and imagination and reality. Especially, in order to recuperate his poetic reality, Stevens undermines the traditional hierarchy between heavenly divinity and earthly divinity. In the poem, Christianity faces a critical challenge and then it is disempowered by the earthly divinity. Additionally, by disadvantaging religion, he wants to raise his poetic issue of the faculty of imagination to acquire reality. Stevens' concept of imagination is less subjective and more transcendental than Kantian one. After the ontological violence, Christian divinity and mythic gods leave ontological boundary for earthly divinity in an ambiguous way. In other words, between "Sunday" and "sunny day," the ontological conflicts haunt us throughout the poem as if the violence would happen between imagination and reality. For Stevens, both Christian divinity and mythic gods are mere obstacles to real divinity; both play a mere role of imagination before reality is revealed. Whatever reality is, imagination is always ready to draw an ontological line of reality in an ambiguous way, regardless of how long it lasts. In general, most ontological violence requires such physical remnants of conflicts as borderline, deaths, and pains which still prevail in the poem. Those ontological remnants remain to be found on earth. The sky is an abstract borderline between heaven and earth because in a sense, it belongs to both earthly landscape and heavenly sphere. Without any ontological borderline or threshold, there is no recognition of the divinity because the vitality of divinity is inflamed in continuous transgression of the other. After the final ontological conflict between heaven and earth, there remains only ambiguous borderline near the earth beside the friendlier sky.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.661-692
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• 2009

From the Darwinian perspective, all the human behaviors and thoughts are operated by "the selfish gene," the term coined by Richard Dawkins, which has long been evolving to survive by utilizing the limited quality and quantity of resources. And an organism which fails to regenerate by creating its "replicator" is doomed to extinction, for gene combinations which help an organism to survive and reproduce tend to also improve the gene's own chances of being passed on through generations. Dawkins also coins the term "meme" for a unit of human cultural evolution analogous to the gene, suggesting that such selfish replication may also be the principle for human culture. Ian McEwan is not only a controversial but more importantly influential writer in the 21st century academic world. His 1997 book Enduring Love is not exceptional in that it draws both literary and scientific attention. Intentionally set up with the dynamic conflict between the two cultures, namely art and science, the book explores the way in which the state of the modern minds is misinterpreted and estranged by each other. In this novel, the three main protagonists, Joe, Clarissa, and Jed, each representing the very important three elements of human civilization-cognition/science, emotion/art, and faith/religion-meet an unexpected peril of life. The author of the novel employs the narrative of evolutionary science-in particular the narratives of gene and meme-to provoke the question of the two cultures famously addressed by Snow in the mid 20th century and the further discussions followed by the later Darwinian scholars such as Richard Dawkins. In this paper I aim to illustrate the way in which the author develops the idea of gene science and literature and how he proceeds to provide a sophisticated bridge between the two cultures and induce a kind of consilience by the recurrent name of love in the story of Enduring Love.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.16
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• pp.151-166
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• 2003

Contemporary Buddhist scholarship in Korea has been strongly affected by its origins in the Victorian era, when Western religious scholars sought to rationalize and historicize the study of religion. Modern Korean scholars, trained within the Western scholarly paradigm, share this prejudice which tends toward the rational. The result is a skewed understanding of Buddhism, emphasizing its philosophical and theoretical aspects at the expense of seemingly "irrational" religious elements based on the direct experience of meditation practice. This paper seeks to look at the historical context in which modern Korean Buddhist scholarship had been shaped during the colonial period of Japan. Two case studies will be examined particularly in the light of post-colonial perspectives of Buddhist studies: the case of Jonghong Bak(1903-1976) and the case of Donghwa Gim(1902-1980), two pioneering scholars in the field of Buddhist studies. They share similarities as well as differences. Both were born and active at almost the same period, during which Korean peninsula experienced modernization forced upon by Japanese colonialism. And thus, the experience of colonialism and modernization brought them into conflict between tradition and modernity. Their responses, however, were different. Pak, originally trained in Western philosophy, especially German philosophy, wanted to study Korean Buddhism in the context of the so-called Korean Philosophy per se. He was motivated to seek for the national and cultural identity of Korea. And thus his scholarship on Korean Buddhism naturally led him to look for an original Korean Buddhism distinct from the Buddhism of India, China and Japan. On the other hand, Gim, who became a monk in his youth, later went to Japan for college where he was exposed to modern Buddhist scholarship. He was the first to introduce modern Buddhist scholarship to Korea, and since then, contemporary Korean Buddhist scholarship owes much to his contributions. Despite his contributions to contemporary Korean Buddhist scholarship, if we look at his efforts in the light of post-colonial perspective, his ideas need to be reevaluate.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.365-383
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• 2018

In this study, to search for events that cause high levels of PTSD symptoms, traumatic events are classified into 'criterion events' that meet DSM-IV-TR criteria and 'life stresssful events', conditional probability of PTSD was confirmed. From a sample of 1,000 adults residing in South Korea, 998 statistically relevant samples were extracted. Criterion events include cases of 'sexual harassment before age 16', 'sightings of other accidents', 'rape before 16', 'domestic violence before 16', 'disaster', 'traffic accidents', 'other accidents'. Life stressful events appeared to be 'legal arrest or detention(person and family)', 'parental separation or divorce', 'failure or despair causing serious stress', 'extreme conflict with family or frequent quarrels'. Among the demographic characteristics, age, marital status, religion were found to affect PTSD symptoms. The implications and limitations of these results are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.12 no.5_spc
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• pp.117-131
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• 2006

The percentage of divorce has increased rapidly even in Korea where traditionally attaches great importance to a family. However most counselors apply counseling theories and approaches developed in the West when they do counseling for Korean couple. In fact, the culture of Korea carries characteristics of relationism under the Oriental religion like Shamanism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Therefore it is not easy to gain sufficient counseling effect in Korea with such major counseling approaches. The Korean takes a serious view of family relations between father and son, Therefore the Koran society carries on a family line, devotes their lives to the cause of education, gies precedence to the elder. In such a cultural area, it would be quite helpful for counselors to focus their attention on various roles of each rather than focus on their conflict of intimacy itself.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2011

Objectives : The study set out to analyze correlations between emotional labor and job stress among dental hygienist, who have direct and lasting relationships with patients in dental clinic, and provide basic data to resolve stressors and manage stress. Methods : A survey was taken among dental hygienists working at dental clinics, and 200 questionnaires were used in analysis. The gathered data were put to Cronbach's alpha with the SPSS WIN12.0 program to test the reliability of the inventories to measure their emotional labor and job stress. In addition, correlation analysis was conducted to examine relations between the items of emotional labor and those of job stress along with regression analysis to examine relations between emotional labor and job stress. Finally, t-test and One-way ANOVA were conducted to test mean differences in the job stress items according to the degrees of emotional labor with the statistical significance level set at 0.05. Results : 1. The measurement tool used in the study recorded 0.7 for all the areas of Cronbach's alpha for internal reliability and thus achieved high reliability. 2. The overall mean of emotional labor was 2.74, which indicates that the dental hygienists had 'average' or higher stress for emotional labor. 3. Emotional labor had statistically significant relations with educational background, place of work, motivation to choose to be a dental hygienist, and religion of their general characteristics. 4. There was statistical significance in relations between general characteristics and job stress according to educational background, position at work, and experience with change of occupation. 5. The correlations between emotional labor and the stress areas were analyzed. As a result, emotional labor was in positive(+) correlations with job demand, lack of job autonomy, relational conflict, job instability, organizational system, and corporate culture. In addition, regression analysis was conducted to test causal relations between emotional labor and job stress. The results indicate that there were positive(+) influences between emotional labor and job stress. Conclusions : The results show that emotional labor can serve as a mediating variable for job stress in dental clinic. Thus both dental clinics and dental hygienists need to have ways to deal with job stress derived from emotional labor in which they are forced to process their emotions according to the dental clinics' demands, properly. The study will hopefully trigger ongoing follow-up researches on the deployment of dental hygienists according to their job characteristics and the situational variables to alleviate the negative results of emotional labor.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.21-40
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• 1980

In order to take cue of the dying persons and their survivors in a more positive and affirmative atti-tube. and to understand the valuable meaning of and dying. a survey was performed to 550 cases of health care personnels including 116 nursing students. 238 medical students. 137 nurses. and 59 doctors. Samplings were made through census Procedure from the entire group of medical and nursing students in College of Medicine. Chung-Ang University. and of licenced nurses and doctors in Chung-Ang University Hospital. and in Han-Gang Sacred Heart Hospital from the first to the end of march. 1980. These collected data were computerized at KIST by SPSS programming and were statistically analyzed by chi-square test. Through content analysis of the word associated with death and descriptive analysis of the death-re-lated variables. the following conclusion in is reached. First. Total numbers of death-word percieved by health care personnels were 198 kinds. Among them, 40 kinds of words associated with death were responded from than 1% of the total. As to the 10 death related word responded by free word association method. it was revealed that individual average number of death related word was 7.70 word. which came from higher number of words in the senior students (8.96 word) or the graduates (8.10 word) compared with the freshman (6.84 word). Second. In Content specific analysis of the death related word. more frequently perceived types summarized as the following order; the affective context of death. the diseases. the disasters. the religion, the funeral ceremonies. the separation, the drakness. and the life. Third. The most prevalent 10 words associated with death which the the respondents gave response to the the first recalling word. were as following o order； the dieases. the sadness, the vanity. the darkness, the frustration. the suicide. the incurable dieases, the graves. the dead. and the catastrophes. By sex, the diease is outstanding in females, but the vanity is in males. By occupation. the vanity and the dead was frequently observed in student group including senior students. while the incurable dieases presented by doctors. Fourth. In health care personnels. the first perceived ages of death were 11.47 $\pm$3.33 years (8.14- 15.80 years). Among them. senior students were inclined to percept death at the earliest age of life (11.28years). while doctors and nurses perceived death later in their life (12.98 years). Fifth, It is revealed in this survey that the most frequently responded death perceiving motives by health care personnels ar“psychological conflict”and“death of those around them”. Death perceiving motives can be classified in two factors; personality and life circumstances. Sixth It is of interest that only 11.3% health care personnels was found to feel death as inevitable or acceptable event. whereas 58.3% deny or reject it.