• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.103-110
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• 1990

To investigate the damage on the black pine(Pinus thunbergii) by the air pollution around Ulsan Industrial Complex, forty-six plots were set up and the effects of air pollution were evaluated with the injured index of black pine. The injured index of black pine showing the degree of air pollution from 1987 to 1988 indicated that the central area of Yeochun-dong and Youngjam-dong were heavily damaged. The effective indicaters of black pine damage from air pollution in the order of importance were the color change of one-year-old branch, the ratio of fallen needle of two-year-old branch, the degree of reducing needle, and the degree of growing shoot growth. There was a reliable relationship between the content of $SO_3$ and F in the air and the injured index of black pine. There was no significant correlation between the injured index of the black pine and the content of chemical properties in soil.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2007년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.855-859
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• 2007

It is essential to obtain accurate and highly reliable streamflow data for water resources planning, evaluation and management as well as design of hydraulic structures. A new discharge estimation method, which is named 'non-dimensional velocity distribution and index-velocity method,' was proposed in this research. This method showed very close channel discharges which were calculated with the exiting velocity-area method. When velocity-area method is used to estimate channel discharge, it is required to observe point velocities at every desired point and vertical using a current meter like Price-AA. However 'non-dimensional velocity distribution and index-velocity method' is used, it become optional to observe point velocities at every desired point and vertical. But this method can not be applied for the cases of very complex and strongly asymmetric channel cross-sections because non-dimensional velocity distribution by entropy concept may be quite biased from that of natural rivers.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2024

PURPOSE: This study examined the test-retest reliability and clinical utility of the Modified Trunk Impairment Scale (mTIS), Trunk Control Test (TCT), and Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke - Trunk Control (PASS-TC) in patients with chronic stroke. METHODS: Thirty-eight stroke patients were reassessed using the mTIS, TCT, and PASS-TC with a seven-day interval between assessments. The test-retest reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC_2,1), the standard error of measurement (SEM), the minimal detectable change (MDC), and MDC%, as well as Bland-Altman analysis. The relationship between the mTIS, TCT, PASS-TC scores, and the Barthel Index (BI) was also investigated. RESULTS: The test-retest reliability for the mTIS, TCT, and PASS-TC was high, with ICC values ranging from .91 to .94 (95% confidence interval: .83-.97). The MDCs for the mTIS and TCT were 2.35 and 13.9, respectively, while the MDC for the P ASS-TC was 2.54, all below 20% of the maximum possible score, indicating reliable measurement. The optimal mTIS cut-off score for distinguishing between mild (75-95 points) and severe (50-74 points) dependence on the BI was ≥ 9.5, with an accuracy of 79%. Patients with an mTIS score ≥ 9.5 (out of 15) showed an 18-fold higher likelihood of achieving a mild level of functional independence than those with a score < 9.5. CONCLUSION: The mTIS, TCT, and PASS-TC showed high test-retest reliability and no systematic errors in chronic stroke patients. The MDC values were reliable, indicating meaningful change. Among these, the mTIS is a sensitive and a useful tool for predicting functional independence in clinical practice and is straightforward to apply.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.251-260
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• 2009

Objectives : To investigate reliability and validity of Korean translation of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities(WOMAC) osteoarthritis index. Methods : The reliablity, construct validity of the Korean WOMAC Index in the patient of knee osteoarthritis was investigated. Test-retest reliability was quantified with pearson's correlation coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient. Internal consistency was quantified with Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. and construct validity with pearson's correlation coefficient by correlating of the Visual Analog Scale(VAS). Results : Test-retest reliability of Korean WOMAC Index for pain was 0.76 to 0.95, stiffness was 0.89 to 0.94, and physical function was 0.71 to 0.95. Intraclass correlation coefficient for pain was 0.76 to 0.94, stiffness was 0.54 to 0.89, and physical function was 0.70 to 0.95. Internal consistency were 0.94 and 0.94 for the first and second time, respectively. Construct validity for pain was 0.79, for stiffness was 0.66, and physical function was 0.67. Conclusions : The Korean translation of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities(WOMAC) osteoarthritis index is reliable, valid assessment tool in knee osteoarthritis.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.189-198
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• 2024

Objectives: The sodium index is an index that converts the estimated sodium intake calculated using a verified and reliable sodium estimation formula. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the sodium index and obesity indicators and the potential impact of excessive sodium consumption on obesity. Methods: Obesity indicators, such as body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and visceral fat levels, were analyzed in 120 university students (60 men and 60 women). The sodium index was calculated by indexing the estimated sodium intake according to age, sex, BMI, salt-eating habits, and salt-eating behaviors. The relationship between sodium index and obesity indicators was analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: The estimated sodium intake was 3,907.1 mg, with 76.7% of the participants categorized under the "careful" level of sodium index and 10.8% under the "moderate" level. As the sodium index increased, the BMI, body fat percentage, WHR, and visceral fat levels significantly increased. All obesity indicators significantly increased in patients with a "severe" sodium index than in those with a "moderate" sodium index. In addition, a strong positive correlation was identified between obesity indicators and sodium index. When the "severe" sodium index was compared with the "moderate" sodium index, the risk of obesity based on body fat percentage increased by 2.181 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.526-3.118), while the risk of obesity based on visceral fat level increased by 4.073 times (95% CI, 2.097-7.911). Conclusions: Our findings suggest a correlation between excessive sodium intake and obesity. Moreover, the sodium index can be used to determine sodium intake.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.51-60
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• 1992

44 Temporomandibular Disorders(TMDs) patients with non-trauma and non-iatrogenic origin pressented at Wonkwang University Dental Hospital. They were grouped into experimental subjects and 85 persons without TMSDs were classified into control groups. The objectives of this study was to investigate the effects of recent life changes on the symptom severity and treatment course of TMDs. For that purpose, the author used several scales and indices, namely, Social Readjustment Rating Scale(SRRS) devised by Holmes and Rahe, SRRS-Korean revision by Hong and Jeong, Helkimos Anamnestic index, Clinical Dysfunction index, and Visual Analogue Scale treatment index(VAS Ti) transformed from VAS by the author. Data resulted from the investigation were collected by scale or index and processed with SPSS. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Life change units(LCU) and values of indices of experimental group were higher than those of control group. 2. Life change units recorded with SRRS-Korean revision were higher than those with original SRRS in all cases and significant positive correlations existed, between he two Therefore, clinical use of original SRRS in Korea is reliable and valid. 3. In experimental group, LCU were positively correlated with Helkimos Clinical Dysfunction index and VAS treatment index, but in control group LCU were not correlated with any items. From this, increase of life changes in patient with TMDs is likely to aggravate TMJ dysfunction and more likely to complicate treatment course.

• 물과 미래
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.221-233
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• 1996

본 연구에서는 가뭄지수를 간단하고, 신뢰성 있고 그리고 쉽게 구할 수 있는 방법을 제안함으로써, 가뭄식 도시지역의 생활용수 및 공업용수의 부족에 대비한 용수수급대책 마련에 이용할 수 있도록 하였다. 가뭄지수 산정은 Phillips 가뭄지수법을 이용하였다. Phillips 가뭄지수법은 월강수량의 초과확률에 근거를 두지만, 실시간 현 가뭄 상황을 파악할 필요가 있을 경우 일강수량자료를 이용할 수 있어 실용성이 아주 컸다. 적용성 검토를 위해 주요 공업지역인 울산시와 포항시의 생활용수 수급체계를 이용하였으며, 그 우수성이 확인되었다. 따라서 본 연구성과는 다른 도시 지역에서의 비상가뭄대책 수립에도 매우 유용한 방법으로 사용될 수 있다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.1658-1663
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• 2021

Research on climate change and global warming on the power generation systems are rapidly increasing because of the Importance of the sustainable energy supply, thus the electricity supply since its growing share, in the end, uses energy supply. However, some researchers conducted this field, but many research gaps are not mentioned and filled in this field's literature since the lack of general statements and the quantitative models and formulation of the issue. In this research, an exergy-based model is implemented to model a set of six power generation technologies (combined cycle, gas turbine, nuclear plant, solar PV, and wind turbine) and use this model to simulate each technology's responses to climate change impacts. Finally, using these responses to define and calculate a formulation for the relationship between the system's energy performance in different environmental situations and a dimensionless index to quantize each power technology's reliability against the climate change impacts called the Pahlev reliability index (P-index) of the power technology. The results have shown that solar and nuclear technologies are the most, and wind turbines are the least reliable power generation technologies.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권8호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2022

The e-commerce market faces significant credit risks due to the complexity of the industry and information asymmetries. Therefore, credit risk has started to stymie the growth of e-commerce. However, there is no reliable system for evaluating the creditworthiness of e-commerce companies. Therefore, this paper constructs a credit risk evaluation index system that comprehensively considers the online and offline behavior of online retail enterprises, including 15 indicators that reflect online credit risk and 15 indicators that reflect offline credit risk. This paper establishes an integration method based on a fuzzy integral support vector machine, which takes the factor analysis results of the credit risk evaluation index system of online retail enterprises as the input and the credit risk evaluation results of online retail enterprises as the output. The classification results of each sub-classifier and the importance of each sub-classifier decision to the final decision have been taken into account in this method. Select the sample data of 1500 online retail loan customers from a bank to test the model. The empirical results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms a single SVM and traditional SVMs aggregation technique via majority voting in terms of classification accuracy, which provides a basis for banks to establish a reliable evaluation system.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.49-59
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• 1999

In this study, we individualize the clauses to sort out the troubled ones, draw up a interrelation model in order to visually organize the relations, and finally, suggest the desirable application idea. The interrelation model suggested in this study has been made based on the matrix method. On this matrix, we arranged the environmental factors on horizontal and vertical axis, and when we describe the relation of each factors, we set the horizontal axis as the base and divided the content into three grades : Fine, Medium, and Poor. In addition to that, we expressed those three grades into numerical value like 3 points for Level Fine, 2 points for Level Medium, and 1 point for Level Poor and then, we converted this numerical values into index numbers. We could classify the index numbers such as AS, PS, Q-index, P-index. AS is an index numerically shows the degree of giving environmental effect, PS is an index numerically shows the degree of receiving environmental effect, Q-index is an index shows the aggravate degree, and P-index shows the relation degree. The Q/P-index with large numbers has considerable effect on the environmental system, while the small numbered Q/P-index barely effect on the environmental system. Moreover, we classified the environmental factors into 5 levels(I~V) according to the relations between the Q-index and P-index. Level I is less affected by the environment and has more giving effect, while Level V is more sensitively affected by the environment and has more receiving effect, which we considered important. Therefore, we could come up with the result that if we consider the each level of factors when we evaluate the EIA, the result would be far more accurate and reliable since it contains mutual relation aspect of EIA. The suggested interrelation model in this thesis is presentable as one of those scoping system. We highly believe the need of scoping system in EIA and suggest the interrelation model as the alternative idea for scoping system.