• Title/Summary/Keyword: relative PCV

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT ON THE DATA PROCESSING OF KOREA GPS NETWORK BY THE ABSOLUTE PHASE CENTER VARIATIONS OF GPS ANTENNA (절대 위상중심변화 적용이 국내 GPS 망 자료처리에 미치는 영향분석)

  • Baek, Jeong-Ho;Lim, Hyung-Chul;Jo, Jung-Hyun;Cho, Sung-Ki;Cho, Jung-Ho
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.385-396
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    • 2006
  • The International GNSS Service (IGS) has prepared for a transition from the relative phase conte. variation (PCV) to the absolute PCV, because the terrestrial scale problem of the absolute PCV was resolved by estimating the PCV of the GPS satellites. Thus, the GPS data will be processed by using the absolute PCV which will be an IGS standard model in the near future. It is necessary to compare and analyze the results between the relative PCV and the absolute PCV for the establishment of the reliable processing strategy. This research analyzes the effect caused by the absolute PCV via the GPS network data processing. First, the four IGS stations, Daejeon, Suwon, Beijing and Wuhan, are selected to make longer baselines than 1000km, and processed by using the relative PCV and the absolute PCV to examine the effect of the antenna raydome. Beijing and Wuhan stations of which the length of baselines are longer than 1000km show the average difference of 1.33cm in the vertical component, and 2.97cm when the antenna raydomes are considered. Second, the 7 permanent GPS stations among the total 9 stations, operated by Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, are processed by applying the relative PCV and the absolute PCV, and their results are compared and analyzed. An insignificant effect of the absolute PCV is shown in Korea regional network with the average difference of 0.12cm in the vertical component.

Relative Anticipated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate of Cattle Blood, as Measured by 45 Degree-Angled Capillary Hematocrit Tube, for Ambient Temperature and PCV Value (소 혈액의 45도 경사 모세관에 의한 ESR측정에 있어서 환경온도 및 PCV에 상관하는 관계적 예기ESR치)

  • Lee, Bang-whan
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.339-345
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    • 1987
  • Each of twenty blood samples taken from apparently healthy Korean Cows was used to produce five different mixtures of autologous plasma and blood corpuscles such that their values of packed cell volume (PCV) lay between 10 to 50ml/l00ml. The measurements of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) using 45 degree-angled capillary hematocrit tube, 1.1-1.2mm bore, ($45^{\circ}-micro-ESR$) were practised for the blood of various levels of PCV under the ambient temperature of ${10^{\circ}C}$, ${20^{\circ}C}$ and ${30^{\circ}C}$. Correlation of ESR to ambient temperature showed linear regression each in five levels of PCV. ESR increased with ascending ambient temperature, and magnitude of the increase of ESR became greater as the level of PCV lowered. Correlation of ESR, of which values were transformed by the linear regression equation correlated to ambient temperature to PCV showed curvilinear regression each in three levels of ambient temperature, and ESR was increased with decreasing PCV. The data were statistically analysed and a list of relative anticipate $45^{\circ}-micro-ESR$ values for PCV and ambient temperature was presented.

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Relative Anticipated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate of Cattle Blood, as Measured by 45 Degree-Angled Wintrobe Hematocrit Tube, for Ambient Temperature and PCV Value (소 혈액의 45도-경사-Wintrobe관에 의한 적혈구침강율 측정에 있어서 환경온도 및 적혈구침층용적치에 상관하는 관계적 예기 적혈구침강율)

  • Lee, Bang-whan;Park, Young-woo;Shin, Jong-uk
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.187-192
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    • 1988
  • Each of twenty blood samples taken from apparently healthy Korean cows was used to produce five different mixtures of autologous plasma and blood corpuscles such that their values of packed cell volume(PCV) lay between 10 to 50ml/100ml. The measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) using 45 degree-angled Wintrobe hematocrit tube, 3mm bore, ($45^{\circ}$-Wintrobe-ESR) was practiced for the blood of various levels of PCV under the ambient temperature of $10^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. Correlation of the ESR to the ambient temperature showed linear regression each in five levels of PCV. The ESR increased with ascending ambient temperature, and magnitude of the increase of the ESR became greater as the level of PCV lowered. Correlation of the ESR to PCV showed curvilinear regression each in three levels of the ambient temperature, and the ESR was increased with decreasing PCV. The data were statistically analysed and a list of relative anticipated $45^{\circ}$-Wintrobe-ESR values for PCV and ambient temperature was presented.

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Efficacy and effectiveness of extended-valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccines

  • Lee, Hyunju;Choi, Eun Hwa;Lee, Hoan Jong
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.57 no.2
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    • pp.55-66
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    • 2014
  • The 7-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has been shown to be highly efficacious against invasive pneumococcal diseases and effective against pneumonia and in reducing otitis media. The introduction of PCV7 has resulted in major changes in the epidemiology of pneumococcal diseases. However, pneumococcal vaccines induce serotype-specific immunity, and a relative increase in non-vaccine serotypes has been reported following the widespread use of PCV7, leading to a need for extended serotype coverage for protection. PCV10 and PCV13 have been licensed on the basis of noninferiority of immunogenicity compared to a licensed conjugate vaccine. In this article, we aimed to review important data regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of the extended-coverage PCVs published or reported thus far and to discuss future implications for pneumococcal vaccines in Korea. After the introduction of PCV10 and PCV13, within a short period of time, evidence of protection conferred by these vaccines against invasive and mucosal infections caused by most of the serotypes included in the vaccines is accumulating. The choice of vaccine should be based on the changes in the dynamics of pneumococcal serotype distribution and diseases in the region where the vaccines are to be used. Continuous surveillance is essential for the appropriate use of pneumococcal vaccines and evaluation of the impact of PCVs on pneumococcal diseases.

Comparison of Calibration Methods of Phase Center Variations for Precise GPS Monument Positioning (정확한 GPS 기준국 좌표산출을 위한 위상중심 변동량 계산방법 비교)

  • Won Ji-Hye;Park Kwan-Dong;Ha Ji-Hyun;Kim Sang-Ho
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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    • 2006.04a
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    • pp.9-14
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    • 2006
  • A determinated position with GPS (Global Positioning System) data processing is the position of the phase center of a GPS antenna. The phase center of a GPS antenna is. not a stable point and depends on the azimuth and elevation angles of GPS satellites. It is known that the phase center variations (PCV) of a GPS antenna are greater in the vertical than the horizontal directions. The PCV calibration models for a GPS. antenna has two approaches: relative and absolute. In this study. we compared the two calibration models using the six operational permanent GPS stations in South Korea and analysed the PCV of each station. In addition, we. tested two different kinds of GPS antennas and compared the results. The accuracy and precision of the relative calibration was worse than the absolute calibration.

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EFFECTS OF XYLAZINE (ALPHA 2-ADRENERGIC AGONIST) ON THE STRESS RESPONSE TO IMMOBILIZATION AND HEAT IN RATS

  • Fayed, A.H.;Zakaria, A.D.;Hedaya, S.A.;El-Ashmawy, I.M.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.397-400
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    • 1994
  • The effect of xylazine administration on plasma cortisol, prolactin, glucose and packed cell volume (PCV) responses to immobilization and heat stress was investigated. Immobilization of rats for 2 hours by ligation of the fore and hind legs strongly caused approximately two-fold increase in plasma cortisol and prolactin levels. Plasma glucose and PCV were not significantly changed. Pretreatment of immobilized rats with xylazine (20 mg/kg body weight i.m.) resulted in approximately 20% reduction in both plasma cortisol and prolactin concentrations. A marked hyperglycemia and increase in the PCV value was observed. On the other hand, rats exposed to acute heat stress ($40^{\circ}C$, and 60% relative humidity) for 2 hours, also developed two fold increase in both plasma cortisol and prolactin concentrations and the pretreatment with xylazine caused a 20% reduction in the levels of both hormones. Plasma glucose level was not significantly changed in heat stressed rats but it was markedly increased after pretreatment with xylazine. PCV was significantly incrcased under heat stress and pretreatment with xylazine induced a pronounced elevation in this value. It was suggested that stimulation of cortisol and prolactin secretion in response to immobilization or heat stress can be partially reduced by an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist.

Comparison of GPS Antenna Calibration Models and Their Effects in Determination of Precipitable Water Vapors

  • Park, Kwan-Dong;Won, Ji-Hye;Ha, Ji-Hyun
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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    • v.2
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    • pp.41-45
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    • 2006
  • To get accurate positions of GPS antennas, one should apply phase center variations (PCV) corrections in the data processing. Until recently, relative calibrations, originally proposed by National Geodetic Survey of United States, were the international standard. However, in late 2006, International GNSS Service will switch to absolute calibration methods. In this study, we compared the position differences caused by different PCV models, and their effects on the calculations of Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) in the atmosphere. Data from ${\sim}40$ permanent GPS stations in Korea were processed and we found that the vertical position differences reach up to 5 cm, depending on the model selected. Also the PWV values varied quite significantly: the maximum bias in the computed PWV values was ${\sim}4$ mm.

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THE HAEMATOLOGY OF GROWING CAMELS (Camelus dromedarius) DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

  • Hussein, M.F.;Liman, M.M.;Mogawer, H.H.;Bakkar, M.N.;Garel Nabi, A.R.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.5 no.3
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    • pp.519-525
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    • 1992
  • The haematological profiles of camel calves of either sex were monitored at monthly intervals between 1-12 months of age. RBC, Hb and PCV increased with age for several months, with corresponding increases in MCH and MCHC, and a relative reduction in MCV. WBC and lymphocyte counts were highest at the age of 1 month, fell progressively during the following 6 months, and stabilized thereafter. Neutrophils were also highest at the age of one month and decreased slowly with advancing age. Eosinophils, monocytes and basophils fluctuated only from month to month. Age effect was significant for WBC, lymphocytes and neutrophils, and all the erythrocytic parameters, except MCV. Sex effect was significant for Hb and eosinophils.

Effects of Epimedium Koreanum Extract on the Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Damage and Its Related Organ Damages in Rats (음양곽 추출물이 사염화탄소 투여로 유발된 간손상 및 연관된 장기 손상의 회복에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, In-Su;Kim, Joo-Wan;Kim, Hong-Tae;Lee, Sung-Dong;Ku, Sae-Kwang;Do, Yoon-Jung;Lee, Keun-Woo
    • Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.357-364
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    • 2011
  • To evaluate hepatoprotective effect of Epimedium Koreanum nakai (EKN) on liver-damaged animal model, rats were intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg) for 9 weeks orally. Liver-damaged rats were divided into 2 groups: liver-damaged control (LDC) group and EKN group were administered vehicle (saline), EKN extract per os for 4 weeks respectively. Normal control (NC) group was administered saline as the same process of LDC group. The weights of prostate (absolute), testis (relative), epididymis (relative) and packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of EKN group significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared with LDC group. But Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpusulcar hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) decreased. Fibrotic regions in hepatic parenchyma of EKN group significantly (P < 0.01) decreased compared with LDC group and mean diameters of hepatic lobules significantly (P < 0.01) increased. Percentages of degenerative kidney regions and number of degenerative kidney tubules, number of vasodilated atrophic glomerulus of EKN group was significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) decreased compared with LDC group. Number of atrophic seminiferous tubules and epididymal tubules showing oligospermatozoa of EKN group were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased compared with LDC group. In conclusion, EKN extract has a favorable effect on the $CCl_4$-induced liver damage.

Antioxidants Supplementation on Acid Base Balance during Heat Stress in Goats

  • Sivakumar, A.V.N.;Singh, G.;Varshney, V.P.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.23 no.11
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    • pp.1462-1468
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    • 2010
  • The effects of vitamin C and vitamin E with selenium on acid-base balance and some stress hormones were evaluated during heat stress in goats. Goats, 1.5 years of age, were divided into control, heat stress and antioxidant treatment groups 1, 2 and 3. Except for the control, all groups were exposed to a temperature of $40{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ with a relative humidity of 30% for 5 h/d for 21 days in a psychrometric chamber. Rectal temperature and respiratory rates were recorded daily post exposure. Blood samples were collected on every 3rd day for estimation of plasma vitamins C and E, total antioxidant activity and hormones, and separate blood samples were taken to estimate acid-base status. The rectal temperature and respiratory rates were increased (p<0.05) in the heat stress group only. Except for pH and $pO_2$, which were increased significantly (p<0.05) other parameters of acid-base balance such as $pCO_2$, $HCO_3^-$, $TCO_2$, BEb, BEcef, PCV and Hb were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the heat stress group. An improvement in acid-base status was noted in the antioxidant supplemented groups. Prolactin and cortisol levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher and free T3 and T4 levels were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the heat stress group. Levels of prolactin and cortisol were decreased and free T3 and T4 were increased in antioxidant treatment groups. Different levels of antioxidant supplementation resulted in similar protection against heat stress.