• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.19-34
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• 2022

This study was identified the distribution of vegetation in domestic estuaries and analysed the relationship with environmental fcators based on the health assessment data of the estuary ecosystem surveyed between 2016 and 2018. Of the 325 estuaries surveyed, 187 vegetation communites were investigated in 300 estuaries and 53 halophyte communites accounted for 28.3%. No vegetation distribution was found in the other 25 estuaries. Considering the circulation of estuary, 41 halophyte communites were investigated in open estuaries and 26 halophyte communites in closed estuaries. As a result of canonical correlation analysis (CCA) between the entire distributed vegetation community and environmental factors, salinity (conductivity), T-N, and T-P concentrations were strongly correlated. Among the riverbed material materials of the estuary, the composition ratio of silt, sand, and pebble was the most correlated. Therefor, it is estimated that the distribution location of the halophyte communites were differentiated by being influenced by the sea ares, estuary circulation type, resistance to salinity and riverbed material ratio.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2018

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between soil environmental factors and halophyte distribution in the west coast of South Korea. Soils of our study sites were categorized into two groups: salt marsh and estuary marsh. Results: Salinity was higher in the salt marsh group than that in the estuary marsh group. However, total nitrogen, silt, and clay contents were higher in the estuary marsh group than those in the salt marsh group. Although altitude had a wider range in the salt marsh group, the mean altitude was higher in the estuary marsh group than that in the salt marsh group. Annual halophytes of seed propagation species were distributed parallel to the coast line on salt marsh. Higher coverage of vegetation was found in the area closer to the coast line. Plant density was higher near dead parental plants in estuary marsh, showing less difference in area that was more distant from the coast line. Conclusions: Results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for vegetation distribution and sediment environmental factors and germination analysis in the coast line showed significant relationship with halophyte distribution. Therefore, they can be used as an indicator of coastal plant movement due to sea level rise.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.209-223
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• 2007

Twenty-four wetlands located in Higashi-Hiroshima City in West Japan were selected for this study in order to investigate both the relationship between aquatic plant composition and environmental conditions; and the relationship between changing land use patterns in the catchments and the concentration of different forms of nitrogen in the wetlands. The dominant and subdominant species which comprised the principal vegetation were determined based on a vegetation census conducted in each wetland during the growing season from June to August, 2006. The seasonal variations of water quality factors (pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid, and temperature) and different forms of nitrogen such as nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were analyzed as important indicators of water quality for the surface water of the wetlands. The surveyed wetlands were classified into three types (non-disturbed wetlands, moderately-disturbed wetlands and highly-disturbed wetlands), based on the degree of human disturbance to their catchment areas. An analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference among the wetland groups in the annual mean values of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total nitrogen, nitrite, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved organic nitrogen. Classification of the wetlands into three groups has revealed a pattern of changes in the composition of plant species in the wetlands and a pattern of changes in nitrogen concentrations. A majority of the non-disturbed wetlands were characterized by Brasenia schrebi and Trapa bispinosa as dominant; with Potamogeton fryeri and Iris pesudacorus as sub-dominant species. For most of the moderately-disturbed wetlands, Brasenia schrebi were shown to be a dominant species; Elocheriss kuriguwai and Phragmites australis were observed as sub-dominant species. For a majority of the highly-disturbed wetlands, Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia were observed as dominant species, and Nymphea tetragona as the sub-dominant species in the study area. An analysis of land use and water quality factors indicated that forest area played a considerable role in reducing the concentration of nutrients, and can act as a sink for surface/subsurface nutrient inputs flowing into wetland water, anchor the soil, and lower erosion rates into wetlands.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.365-373
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• 2005

Understanding the relation of water environmental factors and vegetation is critical to restoration and management of wetlands. To reveal relationships between representative plant groups and water environments, we measured cover and abundance of plant species, water depth, temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N, and $PO_4-P$ concentration in water in Wangsuk stream (WS) and Gwarim reservoir (GR). This study was conducted monthly from May to October, 2004. Six vegetation groups $(W1{\sim}W6)$ in WS and five vegetation groups $(G1{\sim}G5)$ in GR were identified using TWINSPAN. WS was characterized by Phragmites japonica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Phalaris arundinacea, Beckmannia xyzigachne and Persicara hydropiper, Persicaria thunbergii, Typha angustifolia. GR was characterized by T. angustifolia, Scirpus tabernaemontani, P. thunbergii, Humulus japonicus and Scirpus fluviatilis, Typha orientalis, Zizania latifolia. The vegetation in WS experienced greater seasonal changes than in GR. A correspondence analysis suggests that water depth was the major environmental factor influencing the distribution of most plants communities in both wetlands.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.32-40
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• 2006

This study's objects are to suggest effective forest community-level management measures by identifying the vulnerable forest vegetation communities types to climate change through a comparative analysis with present forest communities identified and delineated in the Actual Vegetation Map. The methods of this study are to classify the climatic life zones based on the correlative climate-vegetation relationship for each forest vegetation community, the Holdridge Bio-Climate Model was employed. This study confirms relationship between forest vegetation and environmental factors using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. Then, the future distribution of forest vegetation are predicted derived factors and present distribution of vegetation by utilizing the multinomial logit model. The vulnerability of forest to climate change was evaluated by identifying the forest community shifts slower than the average velocity of forest moving (VFM) for woody plants, which is assumed to be 0.25 kilometers per year. The major findings in this study are as follows : First, the result of correlative analysis shows that summer precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest month, elevation, soil organic matter contents, and soil acidity (pH) are highly influencing factors to the distribution of forest vegetation. Secondly, the result of the vulnerability assessment employing the assumed velocity of forest moving for woody plants (0.25kmjyear) shows that 54.82% of the forest turned out to be vulnerable to climate change. The sub-alpine vegetations in regions around Mount Jiri and Mount Seorak are predicted to shift the dominance toward Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora communities. In the identified vulnerable areas centering the southern and eastern coastal regions, about 8.27% of the Pinus densiflora communities is likely to shift to sub-tropical forest communities, and 3.38% of the Quercus mongolica communities is likely to shift toward Quercus acutissima communities. In the vulnerable areas scattered throughout the country, about 8.84% of the Quercus mongolica communities is likely to shift toward Pinus densiflora communities due to the effects of climate change. The study findings concluded that challenges associated with predicting the future climate using RCM and the assessment of the future vulnerabilities of forest vegetations to climate change are significant.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.453-460
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• 2000

The forest vegetation of Mt. seondal was classified into eight communities and one afforestation by the phytosocialogical method (Z-M method). In general, Quercus mongolica trees occupied most of the area, while afforestation forest was distributed on the lower slope, cultivated land, and at the vicinity of village. The vegetation on the top part of Mt. Seondal was comparatively well preserved, but that in the lower areas has been disturbed heavily by human activity and some had mixed forests composed of pine trees, oaks, ashes, and Rhododendron micrantum shrub. By cluster analysis method. nine groups were identified as follows : Quercus mongolica group, Q. mongolica - Pinus densiflora group, Q. mongolica - Rhododendron schlipen - bachii group, Q. mongolica - Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa group, P. densiflora group, Juglans mandshurica group, Fraxinus mandshurica group, Betula costata group and Larix leptolepis group. These groups showed differences in species composition, but Quercus mongolica, Q. mongolica - P. densiflora, Q. mongolica - R. schlippenbachii and Q. mongolica - S. chinensis for. pilosa groups among them showed very similar floristic composition to each other. In the relationship between polar ordination axes and environmental variables, altitude was the environmental factor determining variation in species composition along axis X and soil moisture was the environmental along axis Y. They were the main factors in determining forest vegetation. The result of cluster analysis and polar ordination for the forest vegetation were corresponded to those of phytosocialogical classification in classifying vegetation.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2017

This study estimated potential natural vegetation in Gayasan National Park through the occurrence probability distribution by using geographic information system (GIS). in Gayasan National Park. Correlation and factor analysis were analyzed to estimate probability distribution. The presence of the Gaya National Park Vegetation survey results showed that 128 communities were distributed. The analyzed relationship between actual vegetation and distribution factors such as elevation, aspect, slope, topographic index, annual mean temperature, warmth index and potential evapotranspiration in Gayasan national park. The probability distribution of potential natural vegetation communities at least 0.3 odds were the advent of Pinus densiflora communities with the highest 55.80%, Quercus mongolica community is 44.05%, 0.09% is Quercus acutissima communities, Quercus variabilis communities are found to be 0.06%. If you want to limit the factors that affect the distribution of vegetation by factors presented in this study, the potential natural vegetation of the Gaya National Park was expected to appear in Quercus mongolica community (43.1%) and Pinus densiflora communities (56.9%).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.207-225
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• 2013

Current ecological stream restoration is focusing on recovery of physical characteristic and ecological functions of individual stream. For effective stream restoration, the relationship between stream environment and riparian flora should be investigated. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between disturbance of hydromorphological structures and naturalized plants ratio in small to mid-sized streams. For the study sites, Gwanpyeong stream, Dongdal stream, and Yongchoo streams were chosen as 'reference stream' while, Gunnam stream, Anchang stream, and Hwa stream were chosen as 'damaged stream'. The hydromorphological structures of streams were evaluated with LAWA and flora of the streams were completely enumerated to calculate naturalized plants ratio. The result showed that there was a significant correlation between the outcome of LAWA and naturalized plants ratio(r=0.675, p<0.01). The result of factor analysis of LAWA identified three factors, 'River front and land use', 'River bed materials and structures', and 'Crossing structure and bar'. Among the factors of hydromorphological structures given by the result of factor analysis, 'river front and land use' and 'bed materials and structures' have statistically significant relationship with naturalized plants ratio($R^2$=0.470, p<0.01). Given this results, quantitative analysis on the relationship between disturbance of hydromorphological structures of streams and naturalized plants ratio could provide some essential information for stream restoration. Also, as this study figured out major factors of hydromorphological structures that affect naturalized plants ratio, it might help monitor ecological states and current problems of small and mid-sized streams.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 1995

Deciduous hardwood communities were ecologically analyzed in order to determine their distributional characteristics. The quadrats were sampled in Mt. Chiri, Mt. Deokyu, Mt. Kyeryong, Mt. Sokri, and Mt. Jungwang, and their environmental factors including topographical features as well as soil properties were investigated. The computer program TWINSPAN and CANOCO were used to elucidate the relationship between environmental factors and species composition. In the relations of communities and environmental factors, the optimal ecological habitats of Carpinus tschonoskii community could be the sites at low latitudes such as the regions of southern part of Korea in which total nitrogen and organic matters are rich, while those of Fraxinus mandshurica community, Acer mono community, and Betula costata community could be the sites which are wet and have high total nitrogen and organic matters in soil. The quercus mongolica community is distributed widely throughout Korea, and its ecological habitats could be the sites which have high soil nutrient and moderate soil moisture in central and northern parts of Korea, while those of Quercus variabilis community could be the sites which is dry and have high Mg and C.E.C. value.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.177-186
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• 1983

Vegetation types and their standing crop in the sand dune on the south coast of Korea was investigated by the method of Curtis, J.T. and McIntosh, R.P. (1951). The relationship between vegetation types and environmental factors was also analyzed. The dominant species in the vegetations of the south coast sand dune were Carex pumila, Calystegia soldamella, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Vitex rotundifolia, Ixeris repens, Carex kobomugi, Zoysia macrostachya. The species density in the sand dune vegetation increased with the distance from the coast, psammophyte and rhizome psammophyte decreased with the distance from the coast but other plants increased. The standing crop of the sand dune vegetatiion was average $53.79g/m^2$. An individual standing crop of Vitex routundifolia and Carex kobomugi varied with the curve of secondary degree. The salt content of the sand dune soil from 2.95 to 11.78 mg %, and it was not significant differences among stands, but it was varied with the distance form the coast. Negative relationship between warmth index and aboveground standing crop was found and the formula y=283.8886 - 2.4910X could be estimated.