• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.31-42
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• 1992

The purposes of this study were to find out the degree of formation of the concept of density for the junior high students. The changing pattern of concept in acquiring the concept of density and the degree of development of INRC transformation ability related to the concept of density were also analyzed according to cognitive level and teaching method. The results of this study were as follows. 1) The experimental group were more effective than control group in the formation of the concept of density. 2) Even though students had been taught the concept of density, the various types of preconception were remained and persisted. Especially, the students at concrete level had persisted misconceptions and these misconceptions had been changed to the other misconceptions. 3) In the degree of the formation of the transformation ability of INRC group related to the concept of density in solid phase, the experimental group developed much better on both the abilities of Reciprocal transformation, Correlative transformation and the abilities to manipulate two variables such as volume and mass than control group. 4) The correlation coefficient between GALT score and achivement of the concept of density was 0.67. The correlation coefficient between achivement of the concept of density and the formation the transformation of INRC group related to the concept of density was 0.78.

• ALGAE
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.283-294
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• 2023

Previous research indicated that free-living sporangial filament keep hollow morph under high-culture density and form bipartite cells under low-culture density, while the following conchospore release was inhibited by high light. Here, we further explored the molecular bases of these affects caused by light and culture density using a transcriptome analysis. Many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to carbon dioxide concentration and fixation, photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis and nitrogen absorption were upregulated under high-light conditions compared with low-light conditions, indicating the molecular basis of rapid vegetative growth under the former. The stress response- and ion transport-related DEGs, as well as the gene encoding the vacuole formation-brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide exchange protein (BIG, py05721), were highly expressed under high-density conditions, indicating the molecular basis of the hollow morph of free-living sporangial filaments under high-culture density conditions. Additionally, the brefeldin A treatment indicated that the hollow morph was directly influenced by vacuole formation-related vesicle traffic. Others DEGs related to cell wall components, zinc-finger proteins, ASPO1527, cell cycle and cytoskeleton were highly expressed in the low density with low-light group, which might be related to the formation and release of conchospores. These results provide a deeper understanding of sporangial filaments in Neopyropia yezoensis and related species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.596-605
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate factors affecting gone density of university students in Seoul area. Data for food habits, exercise and health-related behaviors were obtained by self administered questionnaires. BQI(bone quality index) of the subjects was measured by an Quantitative Ultrasound(QUS). The results are summarized as follows: The average hight, weight BMI and osteopenia percentage of the male and female student were 173.3cm, 68.6kg, 22.7 and 24.2%; 161.4cm, 54.4kg, 20.9 and 55.5%, respectively. The BQI and Z-score of the subjects were 99.6, -0.3 in male student group, and 82.7, -1.1 in female student group, respectively. Height, weight, fat weight, fat mass and BMI were positively related with BQI in female group. BQI was positively affected by breakfast and frequence exercise in male student group. In female student group, frequency exercise was positively related with BQI. The result of this study revealed that the desirable food habits, dietary behaviors and health-related lifestyles may have a beneficial effect on bone density. They should have practically and systematically organized nutritional education on optimum body weight, good eating habits, weight bearing exercise for higher bone density level.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.38-46
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• 2003

Perceived crowding is known as a necessary method to evaluate social carrying capacity in recreational settings. But according to the results of previous research, perceived crowding, use density, and satisfaction have shown weak and indirect correlations. The theory of visitors’ adjustment is one of several possible explanations for this poor relation. But the validity of the visitors’ adjustment theory has not been not inspected clearly. Therefore, the purposes of this study are to understand visitors’ adjustment theory and to examine visitors’ adjustment to the overuse of recreational settings. Study hypotheses were formulated through literature review and related to visitors’ adjustment in recreation density. Pour hypotheses were established and inspected with the case study, i.e., Rationalization : Visitors’ satisfaction isn't related to use density in recreation setting, 2) Product-shift : Preference norm is related to current use density, 3) Self-selection : Visitors’ satisfaction for the use level is generally high, and 4) Displacement : Norm interference is related to willingness to revisit. The case study was conducted during May and June,2001. According to the results of this survey, visitors adjust to overuse of recreation setting through rationalization and product shift (hypotheses l/2 acceptance). Current use density isn't related to visitors’ satisfaction and willingness to revisit (see table 3). And visitors’ preference norm is modified by situation (see table 4). Visitors’ satisfaction and willingness to revisit don't show a high correlation but moderately high (see table 5, hypothesis 3 acceptance). Differences between visitors’ preference norm and current use density is norm interference. Norm interference isn't related to willingness to revisit (see table 7). Therefore, the norm interference concept is not a useful method to explain visitors’ adjustment to the degree of overuse in a recreational setting (hypothesis 4 rejection). As for future directions, the following are proposed: 1) correctly understanding and reestablishing the visitor norm and norm interference concept, 2) introducing a composite research method to monitor visitors’ behavior and survey visitors’ attitudes and coping responses. These efforts would be helpful in the Planning and management of recreational settings to improve the quality of visitors’ experiences.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.952-961
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• 2024

Objective: Stocking density (SD) is an important issue in the poultry industry, which is related to the production performance, intestinal health and immune status. In the present study, the effects of SD on the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid as well as the related functions of the liver and kidney in ducks were examined. Methods: A total of 360 healthy 56-day-old Shan-ma ducks were randomly divided into the low stocking density (n = 60, density = 5 birds/m²), medium stocking density (n = 120, density = 10 birds/m²) and high stocking density groups (HSD; n = 180, density = 15 birds/m²). Samples were collected in the 3rd, 6th, and 9th weeks of the experiment for analysis. Results: The serum levels of uric acid, lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were increased significantly in the HSD group. Serious histopathological lesions could be seen in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group in the 9th week. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α) and related pathway components (toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and nuclear factor-κB) were increased significantly in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group. The mRNA expression levels of enzymes (adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1) related to the synthesis of uric acid increased significantly in the livers in the HSD group. However, the mRNA expression level of solute carrier family 2 member 9, which plays an important role in the excretion of uric acid by the kidney, was decreased significantly in the kidneys in the HSD group. Conclusion: These results indicated that a higher SD could cause tissue inflammatory lesions in the liver and kidney and subsequently affect the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid, and is helpful for guiding decisions related to the breeding and production of ducks.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.166-174
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• 2012

To determine the effects of Mahaengeuigam-tang(MHEGT) on obesity, the obesity-related factors (gastrin, CGRP, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin, orexin, leptin, serotonin, NPY) were investigated in the stomach, pancreas, brain of mice by immunohistochemical methods for 4 weeks after Mahaengeuigam-tang(MHEGT) administration. The change of boy weight decreased in MHEGT administered group than that of control group. The immunohistochemical density of the gastrin and CGRP positive cells on pylorus of stomach increased in MHEGT administered group than that of control group. The number of ghrelin immunoreactive cells on stomach decreased in MHEGT administered groups than that of control group. The immunohistochemical density of GLP-1 in the pancreas decreased in MHEGT administered group than that of control group. The immunohistochemical density of insulin positive cells in the pancreas decreased in MHEGT administered group than that of control group. The immunohistochemical density of orexin and NPY positive neurons in the diencephalon was slightly stronger in MHEGT administered group than that of control group. The immunohistochemical density of serotonin and leptin positive neurons was stronger in MHEGT administered group than that of control group. These results demonstrate that Mahaengeuigam-tang(MHEGT) increased the immunohistochemical density of factors related to appetite inhibitors, and decreased the immunohistochemical density of factors related to stimulator of food intake in stomach, pancreas and brain.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.59-70
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to derive the environmental factors affecting child loss through correlation analysis between child loss and pedestrian density. The status of lost children was identified through the lost child records and interviews in large parks. In addition, the behavior survey was conducted by photographing the entire outdoor of each park, and visitors was marked on the behavioral maps. Also, the pedestrian density was analyzed by GIS as 100㎡ and 1㎡ grid. As a result, child loss was related to the pedestrian density rather than the number of visitors or the area. Especially, 'Dynamic pedestrian density' and 'Ratio of pedestrian in high density to area' was related to child loss. In other words, the more dynamic behaviors such as play and movement appear, and the more the local area of high density, the higher the probability of child loss. In addition, environmental factors that induce such high density include bottlenecks, overlap of circulation due to multi-functionality of space, concentration of rides, and concentration of guardians due to visual obstacles.

• KSTLE International Journal
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2001

The distribution of magnetic flux density of electro-magnetic chucks may clarify the clamping characteristics, which is strongly related to the machining efficiency and machining accuracy in surface grinding machine. Therefore the distribution of the normal and the tangential components of magnetic flux density have been analyzed theoretically. It appears that the normal component of magnetic flux density increases and the tangential component of magnetic flux density increases as the ratio of the separator width to the pitch, e/p decreases. The results seem to increase the stability and uniformity of normal component of magnetic flux density for the decreased e/p.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.271-281
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• 2020

We investigated mesozooplankton in the Yellow Sea in spring to understand its community structure and relationship with environmental factors. Total mesozooplankton density ranged from 1,542 to 7,367 ind. m-3 and the biomass ranged from 3 to 42 mg C m-3. The total density and biomass had a positive relationship with chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration. The mesozooplankton community was divided into two groups at 125.5 E by cluster analysis: one was an inshore group and the other was an offshore group. The inshore group of mesozooplankton was of high density but low diversity, while the offshore group was of high diversity but low density. Copepod Acartia hongi and its copepodites were the most abundant species, comprising 27.8% of the total mesozooplankton density. A. hongi was especially abundant at the inshore, serving as the indicator species of the inshore group. Redundancy analysis found a positive relationship between the density of A. hongi and chl-a concentration. Oithona similis and Centropages abdominalis were 2nd and 3rd dominant species comprising 9 and 7% of the total density, respectively. The density of O. similis was positively related to water depth, but C. abdominalis was related to chl-a concentration. Chl-a concentration seems to influence significantly the mesozooplankton community structure in the Yellow Sea in spring, rather than water temperature or salinity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.380-387
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• 2023

Stocking density is associated with Paralichthys olivaceus growth; thus, fish should be rapidly reared at high densities for commercial reasons. Studies have reported that high stocking density retards growth; however, few have investigated the malformations caused by stocking density stress. This study compared the growth and malformation rates of P. olivaceus at different densities and stress- and immune-related gene expression between malformed and normal fish. Forty days post-hatching, fish (total length, 1.49±0.02 cm) were reared at 800 (low density; LD), 1500 (medium density; MD), and 4000 (high density; HD) fish/m², and the growth rate was measured weekly. On day 30, RNA was extracted from the kidneys, and the expression of stress-, immune-, and malformation-related genes was analyzed using qRT-PCR. The malformation rate in the HD groups was approximately three times higher (62%) than that in the LD and MD groups (approximately 20%), and growth was lower regarding length and weight. The stress-related (HSP70 and GPX) and immune-related (PIR and IgM) genes showed higher mRNA expression in the HD group and malformed fish than in the LD group and normal fish. However, TLR3 showed the opposite results. In summary, high stocking density suppressed growth and increased malformation risk in P. olivaceus.