• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.589-594
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• 2015

The shadow enhancer of the short gastrulation (sog) gene directs its sequential expression in the neurogenic ectoderm and the ventral midline of the developing Drosophila embryo. Here, we characterize three unusual features of the shadow enhancer midline activity. First, the minimal regions for the two different enhancer activities exhibit high overlap within the shadow enhancer, meaning that one developmental enhancer possesses dual enhancer activities. Second, the midline enhancer activity relies on five Single-minded (Sim)-binding sites, two of which have not been found in any Sim target enhancers. Finally, two linked Dorsal (Dl)- and Zelda (Zld)-binding sites, critical for the neurogenic ectoderm enhancer activity, are also required for the midline enhancer activity. These results suggest that early activation by Dl and Zld may facilitate late activation via the noncanonical sites occupied by Sim. We discuss a model for Zld as a pioneer factor and speculate its role in midline enhancer activity.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2005

Putative genes for a two-component signal transduction system (akbS and akbT) were detected near the alkylbenzene-degrading operon of Rhodococcus sp. DK17. Sequence analysis indicates that AkbS possesses potential ATP-binding and histidine autophosphorylation sites in the N- and C-terminal regions, respectively, and that AkbT has a typical response regulator domain. Mutant analysis combined with RT-PCR experiments further shows that AkbS is required to induce the expression of o-xylene dioxygenase in DK17.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.192-205
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• 2012

Globalization has fuelled the desire for simplicity and flexibility in rules and processes within nations. de Soto (2000) calls for the simplification of rules to enable people to join the formal economy. Friedman (2005) echoes the need for simpler rules, to attract business and capital. Market-based approaches to governing have been adopted in many nations due to globalization. Recent developments demonstrate that such approaches fail. Globalization may lead to impoverishment in the absence of proper forms of governance (Cooney 2000). That is why it has the tendency to become a "race to the bottom." Regulatory measures can be costly, and the costs of doing business are uneven across nations. This unevenness is being used as a comparative advantage. Others call this regulatory competition (Smith-Bozek 2007) or competitive governance (Schachtel and Sahmel 2000), which is similar to the model of Charles Tiebout. Collaborative governance is an approach that governments could use in lieu of the competitive method. Mechanisms that enable stakeholders to exchange information, harmonize activities, share resources, and enhance capacities (Himmelman 2002) are needed. Philippine public policy encourages a shift in modes of realizing labor market governance outcomes from command to collaboration (Sale and Bool 2010B; Sale 2011). Is labor market governance and regional development in the Philippines collaborative? Or is the opposite - competitive governance (Tiebout model) - more evident? What is the dominant approach? This preliminary research tackles these questions by looking at recent data on average and minimum wages, wage differentials, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, small and bigger enterprises, employment, unemployment and underemployment, inflation, poverty incidence, labor productivity, family income, among others, across regions of the country. The issue is studied in the context of legal origins. Cultural explanations are broached.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.255-273
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• 2019

Orchids are indispensable to the floriculture industry due to their unique floral organization. The flowers have two outer whorls of tepals including a lip (labellum), and two inner whorls, pollinia and gynostemiun (column). The floral organization and development is controlled at the molecular level, mainly by the MADS-box gene family, comprising homeotic genes divided into type I and type II groups. The type I group has four sub-groups, Mα, Mβ, Mγ, and Mδ, playing roles in seed, embryo, and female reproductive organ development; the type II group genes form classes A, B, C, D, and E, which are a part of the MIKC^C subgroup with specific roles in florigenesis and organization. The coordinated functioning of these classes regulates the development of various floral whorls. The availability of genome and transcriptome sequence data for Phalaenopsis equestris offers an opportunity to validate the ABCDE model of flower development. Hence, this study sought to characterize the MADS-box gene family and elucidate of the ABCDE model. A total of 48 identified MADS-box proteins, including 20 type I [Mα (12), Mγ (8)] and 28 type II [MIKC^C (27), MIKC*(1)] members, were characterized for physico-chemical features and domains and motifs organization. The exon-intron distribution and the upstream cis-regulatory elements in the promoter regions of MADS-box genes were also analysed. The discrete pace of duplication events in type I and type II genes suggested differential evolutionary constraints between groups. The correlation of spatio-temporal expression pattern with the presence of specific cis-regulatory elements and putative protein-protein interaction within the different classes of MADS-box gene family endorse the ABCDE model of floral development.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.426-432
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• 1995

Expression of $\beta$-lactoglobulin gene in mammary tissue is strongly induced by lactogenic hormones such as prolactin, glucocorticoid, and insulin. In order to elucidate the regulatory mechanism underlying such hormonal induction, the response of the caprine $\beta$-lactoglobulin gene promoter to lactogenic hormones was analyzed in cultured HC11 mammary cells. Expression with serial deletions of the 5' -regulatory sequence of the $\beta$-lactoglobulin promoter revealed that two regions are responsible for a substantial change in hormonal indudbility. The region upstream of-1692, which exhibited strong repression of the downstream promoter, mediated the induction by insulin. This insulin-response was independent of the other two lactogenic hormones, prolactin and glucocorticoid. The other region from -740 to -470, which showed strong activation of the $\beta$-lactoglobulin promoter in confluent HC11 mammary cells, mediated mainly the response to a glucocorticoid analogue, dexametasone. The induction by the latter region, however, was suppressed by the usptream repression without insulin treatment. These results suggest that the induction of $\beta$-lactoglobulin promoter activity by lactogenic hormones in mammary cells may be achieved by the combined action of derepression by in sulin and activation by glucocorticoid and prolactin. Dexametasone response by the latter region seems to be mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor site around -7OObp.

• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2021

Hemistepsin A (HsA) is a guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that inhibits hepatitis and liver fibrosis. We evaluated the effects of HsA on liver X receptor (LXR)-mediated hepatic lipogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Up to 10 μM, HsA did not affect the viability of HepG2 and Huh7 cells. Pretreatment with 5-10 μM HsA significantly decreased the luciferase activity of the LXR response element, which was transactivated by T0901317, GW 3965, and LXRα/retinoid X receptor α overexpression. In addition, it significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of LXRα in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. It also suppressed the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and lipogenic genes and reduced the triglyceride accumulation triggered by T0901317. Intraperitoneal injection of HsA (5 and 10 mg/kg) in mice significantly alleviated the T0901317-mediated increases in hepatocyte diameter and the percentage of regions in hepatic parenchyma occupied by lipid droplets. Furthermore, HsA significantly attenuated hepatic triglyceride accumulation by restoring the impaired expression of LXRα-dependent lipogenic genes caused by T0901317. Therefore, based on its inhibition of the LXRα-dependent signaling pathway, HsA has prophylactic potential for steatosis.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 2022

Background: Due to the rapidly changing climatic conditions, South Korea faces the grand challenge of exotic species. With the increasing human movement, the influx of alien species to novel regions is prevalent across the globe. The latest research suggests that it is easy to prevent the introduction and establishment of alien species rather than controlling their spread and eradication. Like other countries, the Korean Ministry of Environment released a list (in 2018) of 45 potential risky exotic fish species considered likely to be invasive candidate fish species if they ever succeed in entering the Korean aquatic ecosystems. Results: The investigation into the invasion suitability traits showed that potential risky fish species could utilize those features in becoming invasive once they arrive in the Korean aquatic ecosystems. If the novel species establish viable populations, they are likely to incur higher economic costs, damage the native aquatic fauna and flora, and jeopardize the already perilled species. Furthermore, they can damage the installed infrastructure, decline overall abundance and biodiversity, and disturb the ecosystem services. Here we reviewed the list of fish species concerning their family, native origin, preferred aquatic biomes, main food items, current status in Korea, and potential threats to humans and the ecosystems. Data shows that most species are either already designated as invasive in the neighboring counties, including Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, and China, or originate from these countries. Such species have a higher climate match with the Korean territories. Conclusions: Therefore, it is exceptionally essential to study their most critical features and take regulatory measures to restrict their entry. The incoming fish species must be screened before letting them in the country in the future. The regulatory authorities must highlight the threatening traits of such species and strictly monitor their entrance. Detailed research is required to explore the other species, especially targeting the neighboring countries fish biodiversity, having demonstrated invasive features and matching the Korean climate.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1317-1332
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• 2024

Objective: Rare study of the non-coding and regulatory regions of the genome limits our ability to decode the mechanisms of fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome (FLHS) in chickens. Methods: Herein, we constructed the high-fat diet-induced FLHS chicken model to investigate the genome-wide active enhancers and transcriptome by H3K27ac target chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) profiles of normal and FLHS liver tissues. Concurrently, an integrative analysis combining ChIP-seq with RNA-Seq and a comparative analysis with chicken FLHS, rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and human NAFLD at the transcriptome level revealed the enhancer and super enhancer target genes and conservative genes involved in metabolic processes. Results: In total, 56 and 199 peak-genes were identified in upregulated peak-genes positively regulated by H3K27ac (Cor (peak-gene correlation) ≥0.5 and log2(FoldChange) ≥1) (PP) and downregulated peak-genes positively regulated by H3K27ac (Cor (peak-gene correlation) ≥0.5 and log2(FoldChange)≤-1) (PN), respectively; then we screened key regulatory targets mainly distributing in lipid metabolism (PCK1, APOA4, APOA1, INHBE) and apoptosis (KIT, NTRK2) together with MAPK and PPAR signaling pathway in FLHS. Intriguingly, PCK1 was also significantly covered in up-regulated super-enhancers (SEs), which further implied the vital role of PCK1 during the development of FLHS. Conclusion: Together, our studies have identified potential therapeutic biomarkers of PCK1 and elucidated novel insights into the pathogenesis of FLHS, especially for the epigenetic perspective.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.108-114
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• 1998

Salmonella Pathgenicity Island 2 plays an important role in Salmonella pathogenicity, especially invasion into host cell. We have investigated the effect of various environmental factors, such as oxygen level, osmolarity, pH, carbon starvation and glycerol addition on the expression of SPI2. For this research, we constructed the reporter plasmids, in which the promoter-less lac operons are fused with the regulatory regions (including promoter) of ssaJ and ssaK, major genes in SPI2. The study using the reporters showed that low oxygen, low osmolarity, or weak alkali conditions increased the expression levels of ssaJ and ssaK and when these three conditions exist simultaneously, the expression levels of ssaJ and ssaK are the highest. However carbon starvation and glycerol addition did not affect the expression of ssaJ and ssaK. These environmental effects on the expression levels of ssaJ and ssaK are the same in three Salmonella typhimurium wild types, LT2, UK1, and SL1344. In addition, we confirmed that the mutation in hilA, a regulatory gene encoding a transcriptional activator of SPI1, had no effect on the expression of ssaJ and ssaK. Thus, these results strongly suggest that the expressions of SPI2 and SPI1 are regulated by different control systems.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 2018

Objective: Multi-regional clinical trials have been widely used for accelerating global drug development by multinational pharmaceutical companies. In this study, we aimed to review and analyze the international trends in regulations and guidelines on multi-regional clinical trials by regulatory authorities and international organizations, such as International Conference on Harmonisation, for referring to policies, including development of domestic guidelines for multi-regional clinical trials. Methods: The policies, regulations, and guidelines published by the US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (Japan), and China Food and Drug Administration were searched, and the International Conference on Harmonisation E17 draft guideline was reviewed. Results: The regulatory authorities in developed countries have developed and implemented regulations and guidelines on multi-regional clinical trials to promote simultaneous global drug development and evaluate the regional differences in drug safety and efficacy. International Conference on Harmonisation developed the draft guideline for planning/designing of multi-regional clinical trials in 2016, which recommends the general principles for strategy-related issues and design of multi-regional clinical trials, and for protocol-related issues, such as consideration of regional variability, subject selection, dose selection, endpoints, comparators, overall sample size, allocation to regions, collecting information on efficacy and safety, and statistical analysis. Conclusion: It is important to understand the international regulatory requirements for designing and planning of multi-regional clinical trials for global drug development. Moreover, it is necessary to prepare multi-regional clinical trial guidelines in accordance with the Korean regulation for clinical trials and drug administration.