• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.1199-1209
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• 2018

After the Fukushima-Daiichi accident in 2011, the multi-unit risk, i.e., the risk due to several nuclear power plants (NPPs) in a site has become an important issue in several countries such as Korea, Canada, and China. However, the multi-unit risk has been discussed for a long time in the nuclear community before the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear accident occurred. The regulatory authorities around the world and the international organizations had proposed requirements or guidelines to reduce the multi-unit risk. The concerns regarding the multi-unit risk can be summarized in the following three questions: How much the accident of an NPP in a site affects the safety of other NPPs in the same site? What is the total risk of a site with many NPPs? Will the risk of the simultaneous accidents at several NPPs in a site such as the Fukushima Daiichi accident be low enough? The multi-unit risk assessment (MURA) in an integrated framework is a practical approach to obtain the answers for the above questions. Even though there were few studies to assess the multi-unit risk before the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear accident, there are still several issues to be resolved to perform the complete MURA. This article aims to provide an overview of the multi-unit risk issues and its assessment. We discuss the several critical issues in the current MURA to get useful insights regarding the multi-unit risk with the current state art of probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) technologies. Also, the qualitative answers for the above questions are addressed.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-38
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• 2021

The paper examines the role of the informal sector on innovation activities of urban formal manufacturing enterprises in India. It provides empirical evidence on firm-level linkages between formal and informal sectors by using the World Bank Enterprise Survey, 2013-14 and the Innovation Follow-up survey, 2014. Primarily, the paper aims to examine the effect of informal sector competition on innovation in urban formal manufacturing enterprises in India. Secondly, the paper analyses the mediation effect of informal sector competition on innovations in the urban manufacturing enterprises. It determines the direct and indirect influence of business regulations and constraints on innovation outcomes through the mediation effect of informal sector competition by using the SEM "Structural Equation Modeling" guidelines. The econometric results show that informal sector competition has a negative effect on the introduction of product innovations while industry-level informal sector competition has a positive effect on product innovation through the local knowledge spillovers from the informal to the formal sector. However, the informal sector competition was found to have no significant effect on the probability of introducing process innovations. Further, the results show the inhibitive role of informal sector competition on innovation in urban formal manufacturing enterprises is more severe for firms with heavy regulatory burdens and is relatively weakened in firms with resource constraints. This suggests that the informal sector plays an important role in the NIS (National Innovation System) in India.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.183-196
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• 2022

Bank stability serves as a prerequisite for the smooth functioning of economic and financial activities in the country. Banks face numerous risks, and liquidity plays an essential role in determining a bank's long-term growth and financial stability. By using the sample of 70 banks of the Gulf Cooperation Council, this study examines the association between funding the liquidity and the creation of liquidity and their impact on bank stability. Firstly, the reciprocal relationship reveals between funding the liquidity and the creation of liquidity by employing the 2SLS regression model. Further, by employing the dynamic GMM model, the research finds that funding liquidity is significant and positively influences bank stability. However, bank stability is significantly negatively influenced by the creation of liquidity, but the combined effect of funding the liquidity and creation of liquidity positively explains the bank stability. Additionally, this study reveals that managerial optimism biases contribute to determining the bank's liquidity and long-term stability. The finding of this study supports the executives, policymakers, and management of banks in understating liquidity risks, efficiency, and bank stability. The findings support regulatory guidelines mainly by the Basel III framework, which places more importance on the joint management of funding the liquidity and creation of liquidity in the economy.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.3-20
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• 2015

Vitamin A exerts a broad range of effects on many essential life processes. But, since vitamin A is known to negatively affect the development of adipocytes, extensive research has been conducted to improve marbling score in beef cattle by feeding vitamin A-deficient diets. In Japan, the method of fattening Wagyu cattle using vitamin A-deficient diets has been widely adapted. Recently, the method of feeding vitamin A-deficient diets in Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) has been spread by feed companies and TMR plants. But proper guidelines in feeding vitamin A-deficient diets should be provided, otherwise it can adversely affect the health of cattle. To maximize marbling score, a controlled level of vitamin A in blood needs to be maintained and the proper period for feeding vitamin A-deficient diets should be adapted. This review was conducted to highlight the regulatory effects of vitamins A on adipocyte differentiation, and offer a potential guideline for improving beef quality grades in Hanwoo.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2016

Vitamin D plays a vital role in maintaining blood concentrations of Ca and P. In lipid metabolism, vitamin D is also known to negatively affect the development of adipocytes, but it has received little attention with regard to improve marbling score in beef cattle via restricting its supply. Recently, the method of feeding fat soluble vitamins(including vitamin D)-deficient diets in Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) has been spread by feed companies and TMR plants. But proper guidelines in feeding vitamin D-deficient diets should be provided, otherwise it can adversely affect the health of cattle. To maximize marbling score, a controlled level of vitamin D in blood needs to be maintained and the proper period for feeding vitamin D-deficient diets should be provided. This review was conducted to highlight the regulatory effects of vitamins D on adipocyte differentiation, and provide information on improving beef quality grades in relation to feeding vitamin D-deficient diets in beef cattle.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2024

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) lowered the annual equivalent dose limit of lens of the eye for radiation workers from 150 to 20 mSv in April 2011. This trend of lowering the equivalent dose limit for radiation workers has been observed worldwide, including international organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the European Commission (EC). In 2016, the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission of South Korea published research results that included a proposal for lowering the equivalent dose limit of lens of the eye for radiation workers in line with the ICRP recommendation. However, as of now, South Korea's Nuclear Safety Act and related regulations still specify an annual equivalent dose limit of lens of the eye as 150 mSv for radiation workers. The IAEA and ISO have issued guidelines regarding radiation protection for lens of the eye and recommended a dose level for the lens of the eye at 5 or 6 mSv per year for periodic monitoring of the equivalent dose for the lens of the eye.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.599-611
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• 2009

This article concerns the labeling guideline for health benefits of livestock products. In recent years, livestock products with health benefits have emerged as a key market for livestock product industries. However, the current labeling regulation for functional foods severely prohibits livestock product industries from attaching most of the health benefits claims to the products. Also, manufacturers have some difficulties in labeling the health benefits of certain livestock products because of a lack of guidelines on health benefit claims for livestock products. Therefore, some livestock product industries and scientists have strongly demanded a revision of labeling regulation, Appended Chart No. 14 provided by Article 52 (2) of Enforcement Regulation of the Processing of Livestock Products Act, so they could mark the health benefits on their products. To support the 'revision of labeling regulation', the goals of this article were as follows; 1) to assess the current situation on nutrition labeling and nutrition claims on foods, 2) to determine the current situation on health claim regulatory systems used in foreign countries (CODEX, USA, Japan, EU, and Australia/New Zealand), 3) to assess the current situation on the health claim or health benefit claim regulations for functional foods, conventional foods, and livestock products in Korea, and 4) to determine the need for complement in health benefit claim for livestock products. In conclusion, guidelines for the use of health benefit claims on livestock products should be prepared as soon as possible and the guidelines should be viable and easy for manufacturers and control authorities to understand. Also, nutrient profiles should be developed to identify whether the livestock products are eligible to bear health benefit claims and to help consumers make the right choices.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.291-299
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to review the government's policy on the enhancement of sports facilities for community residents regarding the lack of knowledge surrounding the infrastructure of sports facilities. The government has invested approximately 2.4 trillion won to establish 220 community sports centers, 385 billion won for 194 multi-purpose indoor centers, and 1.3 trillion won for rebuilding 1,870 school outdoor fields. On the other hand, there are problems with the link between the crumb rubber infill on sports fields and cancer, a lack of availability of indoor sports centers, and an increased federal budget deficit. It is the responsibility of government to plan and construct outdoor fields that are large enough to accommodate all people and allow them to play activities. In addition, the guidelines should ensure that the indoor space required for physical activities at each teaching station is large enough to accommodate all students in the class and handle two classes. The government should suggest the federal government guidelines based on a good understanding of the concept of infrastructure in sports facilities. The government also should make efforts to reduce the regulatory powers and provide the community with an autonomous right to plan and construct sports facilities.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2024

ESG management has garnered significant recognition as a crucial concern across all global industries. Within the logistics sector, there is a growing awareness of the importance of ESG management. However, active engagement in ESG practices remains predominantly confined to large corporations, leaving small and medium-sized logistics companies lagging in their comprehension and implementation of ESG principles. Previous studies have consistently underscored the necessity of establishing ESG management guidelines. Furthermore, there has been a call to determine the relative weights assigned to various ESG implementation evaluation criteria, taking into account the distinctive attributes of each category of logistics company. This study endeavors to ascertain the weightings of ESG implementation evaluation items for different types of logistics companies by employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology. The framework of evaluation is based on the evaluation items outlined in prior research, particularly focusing on ESG management guidelines tailored for small and medium-sized logistics companies. The findings of the analysis reveal distinct prioritizations across different sectors within the logistics industry. For maritime logistics companies, the environment emerges as the foremost concern, followed by society, information disclosure, and governance. Conversely, land transportation companies prioritize society, followed by governance, environment, and information disclosure. In the warehousing sector, environment takes precedence, followed by society, information disclosure, and governance. Comprehensive logistics firms, on the other hand, prioritize the environment, followed by information disclosure, society, and governance. Such guidelines are pertinent for regulatory bodies and industry stakeholders seeking to assess ESG practices within these enterprises. Moreover, this research contributes to the body of knowledge available to domestic small and medium-sized logistics companies, aiding them in effectively navigating and implementing ESG management principles.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2012

Despite the enforcement of SSM control laws such as 'the Law of Developing the Distribution Industry (LDDI)' and 'the Law of Promoting Mutual Cooperation between Large and Small/medium Enterprises (LPMC)' stipulating the business adjustment system, the number of super-supermarkets (SSMs) has ever been expanding in Korea. In France, however, Super Centers are being regulated most strongly and directly in the whole Europe viewing that there is not a single SSM in Paris, which is emphasized to be the outcome from French government's regulation exerted on the opening of large scale retail stores. In France, the authority to approve store opening is deeply centralized and the store opening regulation is a socio-economic regulation driven by economic laws whereas EU strongly regulates the distribution industry. To control the French distribution industry, such seven laws and regulations as Commission départementale d'urbanisme commercial guidelines (CDLIC) (1969), the Royer Law (1973), the Doubin Law (1990), the Sapin Law (1993), the Raffarin Law (1996), solidarite et renouvellement urbains (SRU) (2000), and Loi de modernisation de l'économie (LME) (2009) have been promulgated one by one since the amendment of the Fontanet guidelines, through which commercial adjustment laws and regulations have been complemented and reinforced while regulatory measures have been taken. Even in the course of forming such strong regulatory laws, InterMarche, the largest supermarket chain in France, has been in existence as a global enterprise specialized in retail distribution with over 4,000 stores in Europe. InterMarche's business can be divided largely into two segments of food and non-food. As a supermarket chain, InterMarche's food segment has 2,300 stores in Europe and as a hard-discounter store chain in France, Netto has 420 stores. Restaumarch is a chain of traditional family restaurants and the steak house restaurant chain of Poivre Rouge has 4 restaurants currently. In addition, there are others like Ecomarche which is a supermarket chain for small and medium cities. In the non-food segment, the DIY and gardening chain of Bricomarche has a total of 620 stores in Europe. And the car-related chain of Roady has a total of 158 stores in Europe. There is the clothing chain of Veti as well. In view of InterMarche's management strategies, since its distribution strategy is to sell goods at cheap prices, buying goods cheap only is not enough. In other words, in order to sell goods cheap, it is all important to buy goods cheap, manage them cheap, systemize them cheap, and transport them cheap. In quality assurance, InterMarche has guaranteed the purchase safety for consumers by providing its own private brand products. InterMarche has 90 private brands of its own, thus being the retailer with the largest number of distributor brands in France. In view of its IT service strategy, InterMarche is utilizing a high performance IT system so as to obtainas much of the market information as possible and also to find out the best locations for opening stores. In its global expansion strategy of international alliance, InterMarche has established the ALDIS group together with the distribution enterprises of both Spain and Germany in order to expand its food purchase, whereas in the non-food segment, it has established the ARENA group in alliance with 11 international distribution enterprises. Such strategies of InterMarche have been intended to find out the consumer needs for both price and quality of goods and to secure the purchase and supply networks which are closely localized. It is necessary to cope promptly with the constantly changing circumstances through being unified with relevant regions and by providing diversified customer services as well. In view of the InterMarche's positive policy for promoting local partnerships as well as the assistance for enhancing the local economic structure, implications are existing for those retail distributors of our country.