• 대한임상약리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.118-120
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• 2006

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.219-225
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• 2001

The basic structure for assessment of potential health risks from environmental chemicals is widely agreed upon, but many of the details of risk assessment procedures differ among practitioners. Government regulatory agencies typically have guidelines or standard procedures for their risk assessments, established to ensure consistency and comparability, to set standards for adequacy, and to embody underlying tenets. In setting and updating such guidelines, each agency takes into account not only the prevailing thinking about appropriate procedures, but also its own goals and responsibilities and the precedents it has set for itself in past analyses. This results in variations in methods, and consequently in characterization of risks, among regulatory assessments, even when they are based on the same data. As a result, adopting existing assessments from a variety of regulatory bodies needs to be done with caution. This paper examines some of the variants in risk assessment approaches among American federal regulatory agencies and relates them to the variations in regulatory responsibilities of those groups. Comparisons to international practices are also drawn. The impact on development of world-wide risk standards is discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.421-428
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• 2021

Identifying which international maritime legal instruments are mandatory or recommendatory is complicated task even for maritime regulatory bodies. Although International Maritime Organization (IMO) had tried to ease the complexity by adopting guidelines on uniform wordings for making reference to other instruments in IMO parent conventions, there has still been some confusion identifying the mandatory status of IMO instruments. The aim of this study was to map out a step-based guideline to resolve the complexity of the mandatory status of IMO instruments to the maximum extent possible. This study reviewed the history of IMO rule-making process to find the root cause of the problem, then analyzed the approaches of regulatory enforcement bodies to check the practices. In conclusion, readers are directed to find such information as to legal status of IMO instruments and an improvement is proposed to enhance the transparency of information sharing for maritime industry to make better informed decisions.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2016

Purposes : The Purpose of this study was to review a current status on acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine in Canada focusing on the rules of regulatory bodies of 5 states including legislation history, development in professional self-regulation, education and evaluation system. Methods : Based on literature review, we studied on 5 legislated states cases, educational accreditation status and licensure system. We also interviewed on a person who is a chair of CTCMA & CARB-TCMPA and more TCM practitioners in British Columbia within educational topics. Results & Conclusions : Acupuncture legislations have been approved by the governments in Canada between 1988 and 2014 within the acceptance of self-regulation. Since then, regulatory bodies in each states have tried to strengthen their duties and rights as a healthcare professionals. Based on firm laws and regulations, occupational competency-based education in acupuncture and TCM has been gradually improved and established quite well in parallel with a development of higher educational system in Canada.

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.171-182
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• 2009

Many aspergilli that belongs to ascomycetes have sexuality. In a homothallic or self-fertile fungus, a number of fruiting bodies or cleistothecia are formed in a thallus grown from a single haploid conidia or ascospores. Genome-sequencing project revealed that two mating genes (MAT) encoding the regulatory proteins that are necessary for controlling partner recognition in heterothallic fungi were conserved in most aspergilli. The MAT gene products in some self-fertile species were not required for recognition of mating partner at pheromone-signaling stage but required at later stages of sexual development. Various environmental factors such as nutritional status, culture conditions and several stresses, influence the decision or progression of sexual reproduction. A large number of genes are expected to be involved in sexual development of Emericella nidulans (anamorph: Aspergillus nidulans), a genetic and biological model organism in aspergilli. The sexual development process can be grouped into several development stages, including the decision of sexual reproductive cycle, mating process, growth of fruiting body, karyogamy followed by meiosis, and sporulation process. Complicated regulatory networks, such as signal transduction pathways and gene expression controls, may work in each stage and stage-to-stage linkages. In this review, the components joining in the regulatory pathways of sexual development, although they constitute only a small part of the whole regulatory networks, are briefly mentioned. Some of them control sexual development positively and some do negatively. Regarding the difficulties for studying sexual differentiation compare to asexual one, recent progresses in molecular genetics of E. nidulans enlarge the boundaries of understanding sexual development in the non-fertile species as well as in fertile fungi.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.184-193
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• 2013

Procurement System for Korean construction industry has mainly been controlled by the complicated regulatory system which has been recognized as unflexible and remotely separated from the global standard. This has been identified by many Korean construction experts as one of the main reasons that hamper the Korean construction industry becoming the global leader. One commonly discussed regulatory system is the compulsory multiple contracting system that has been enforced for a long time. According to the Korean governmental contracting law 68-3, all construction projects cannot be divided into separate contracting packages with a few exceptions. Exceptions stated in the law include construction activities related electrical, Information communication, fire-fighting, and cultural assets which all are governed by the separate laws/acts controlled by the different governmental bodies. This research is to closely investigate multiple prime contracting system that has been compulsory in Korean construction industry and to provide policy recommendations to these restrictions. Although, there has been a long history of this compulsory contracting system, this study attempted to provide objective analysis on current status of the system as well as global standard on the issue. This study suggests main considerations when considering different contracting system such as rights of owners, flexibilities of regulatory systems, and efficiencies of conducting a construction project. It is envisioned that recommendations from this study, if accepted by the regulatory bodies, would improve the Korean construction contraction system by making it more compatible with global standard. Moreover, these would help making the Korean industry more effective in terms of regulatory restrictions.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

The protection of nuclear safety software is essential in that a failure can result in significant economic loss and physical damage to the public. However, software security has often been ignored in nuclear safety software development. To enforce security considerations, nuclear regulator commission recently issued and revised the security regulations for nuclear computer-based systems. It is a great challenge for nuclear developers to comply with the security requirements. However, there is still no clear software development process regarding security activities. This paper proposes an integrated development process suitable for the secure development requirements and system security requirements described by various regulatory bodies. It provides a three-stage framework with eight security activities as the software development process. Detailed descriptions are useful for software developers and licensees to understand the regulatory requirements and to establish a detailed activity plan for software design and engineering.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.177-197
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• 2010

Japan launched its regulatory certification system for organic foods based on the amended JAS laws in June 2000, followed by the implementation of regulations on organic agricultural products and organic processed foods in January 2001 and with the implementation of the standards on organic animal husbandry and organic feed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries in 2005, organic foods have been under integrated and systematic supervision. Certification of organic foods can be undertaken by registered accredited bodies (private certification bodies) or legal entities conforming to the regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries. However, with the amendment of the JAS laws in March 2006, only legal entities conforming to the regulations of the ISO/IEC GUIDE 65 are eligible as certification bodies. Foreign organic products imported to Japan must be certified organic under JAS regulations and must be manufactured or produced by foreign manufacturers certified by local or foreign registered accredited organizations and distributed with the Organic JAS Mark affixed or through importers certified by local registered accredited organizations and distributed with the Organic JAS Mark affixed on the products. It can be implied from the Japanese case study that it necessary to reform the diverse agricultural products certification systems to set up an integrated certification system, and the restructuring of government organizations, reforms of environmentally-friendly agricultural products certification system and the integration of the organic food certification systems are needed in order to integrate the control of the standards and certification systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1984

This paper describes the evolution of quality assurance in Korea from it's total reliance on foreign contractors to the present status of conducting all QA functions independently. A brief status of the Republic of Korea Regulatory Bodies, licensing precess, codes and standards, and the quality organization of the Korea Electric Power Corporation are also included.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.65-84
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• 2021

Purpose Based on the development of artificial intelligence and big data technologies, the RegTech has been emerged to reduce regulatory costs and to enable efficient supervision by regulatory bodies. The word RegTech is a combination of regulation and technology, which means using the technological methods to facilitate the implementation of regulations and to make efficient surveillance and supervision of regulations. The purpose of this study is to describe the recent adoption of RegTech and to provide basic examples of applying RegTech to capital market regulations. Design/methodology/approach English-based ontology and deep learning technologies are quite developed in practice, and it will not be difficult to expand it to European or Latin American languages that are grammatically similar to English. However, it is not easy to use it in most Asian languages such as Korean, which have different grammatical rules. In addition, in the early stages of adoption, companies, financial institutions and regulators will not be familiar with this machine-based reporting system. There is a need to establish an ecosystem which facilitates the adoption of RegTech by consulting and supporting the stakeholders. In this paper, we provide a simple example that shows a procedure of applying RegTech to recognize and interpret Korean language-based capital market regulations. Specifically, we present the process of converting sentences in regulations into a meta-language through the morpheme analyses. We next conduct deep learning analyses to determine whether a regulatory sentence exists in each regulatory paragraph. Findings This study illustrates the applicability of RegTech-based ontology and deep learning technologies in Korean-based capital market regulations.