Field investigations of the orientations of discontinuity planes inside the borehole for designing the underground rock structures have been depend solely on the borehole image-taking techniques. But, borehole image-taking has to be processed after the completion of drilling operation and also requires the handling of highly expensive apparatus so that practical application is very restricted. In this study Discontinuity Orientation Measurement (DOM) drilling system and discontinuity analysis model RoSA-DOM are developed to acquire the reliable information of rock structure by analyzing the characteristics of joint distribution. DOM drilling system retrieves the rock core on which the reference line of pre-fixed drilling orientation is engraved. Coordinates of three arbitrary points on the joint surface relative to the position of reference line are assessed to determine the orientation of joint plane. The position of joint plane is also allocated by calculating the location of core axis at which joint plane is intersected. Then, the formation of joint set is analyzed by utilizing the clustering algorithm. Total and set spacings are calculated by considering the borehole axis as the scanline. Engineering applicability of in-situ rock mass around the borehole is also estimated by calculating the total and regional RQDs along the borehole axis.
Hwang, Jin Sang;Kim, Jae Koo;Yun, Hong Sik;Jung, Woon Chul
Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
/
v.23
no.2
/
pp.97-104
/
2015
Due to the introduction of various IT devices, including the recently smartphones and the widespread use of the car navigation system to the location-based information service space has been increased. Spatial information users have been requiring higher levels of quality. In this paper, we study how to build accurate three-dimensional space information by integrating MMS(Moblie Mapping System) survey and airborne survey data. Thus, to analyze the tendency of deviation between the MMS survey and airborne survey data observed in the experimental region, the deviation tendency of the data, it was confirmed that was not consistent. Deviation correction model to select how to change the georeferencing information directly contained in the GPS/INS processing results for the determination, classifies the standard is a method for acquiring the correction reference point coordinates using the calibration model, and analyzed their advantages and disadvantages. With the information of the reference point obtained by airborne photograph of a project, using the method of correcting the MMS survey data. Not only clear the deviation existing between the MMS survey data, it was possible to confirm that the deviation exists between the airborne survey data and MMS survey data was also almost erased.
Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
/
v.38
no.6
/
pp.663-670
/
2020
In the present study, we assessed the accuracy of aerial triangulation using a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) capable of network RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) survey in a disaster situation that may occur in a semi-urban area mixed with buildings. For a reliable survey of check points, they were installed on the roofs of buildings, and static GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) survey was conducted for more than four hours. For objective accuracy assessment, coded aerial targets were installed on the check points to be automatically recognized by software. At the instance of image acquisition, the 3D coordinates of the UAV camera were measured using VRS (Virtual Reference Station) method, as a kind of network RTK survey, and the 3-axial angles were achieved using IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) and gimbal rotation measurement. As a result of estimation and update of the interior and exterior orientation parameters using Agisoft Metashape, the 3D RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of aerial triangulation ranged from 0.153 m to 0.102 m according to the combination of the image overlap and the angle of the image acquisition. To get higher aerial triangulation accuracy, it was proved to be effective to incorporate oblique images, though it is common to increase the overlap of vertical images. Therefore, to conduct a UAV mapping in an urgent disaster site, it is necessary to acquire oblique images together rather than improving image overlap.
Park, Bong Kwon;Jang, Soo Won;Choi, Seung Suk;Ahn, Hee Chang
Archives of Plastic Surgery
/
v.36
no.6
/
pp.691-701
/
2009
Purpose: Deviations of arterial palmar arches in the hand can be explained on the embryological basis. The purpose of this study was to provide new information about palmar arches through cadaver's dissection. The values of the location and diameter in these vessels were analyzed in order to support anatomical research and clinical correlation in the hand. Methods: The present report is based on an analysis of dissections of fifty - three hands carried out in the laboratory of gross anatomy. A reference line was established on the distal wrist crease to serve as the X coordinate and a perpendicular line drawn through the midpoint between middle and ring fingers, which served as the Y coordinate. The coordinates of the x and y values were measured by a digimatic caliper, and statistically analyzed with Student's t - test. Results: Complete superficial palmar archs were seen in 96.2 % of specimens. In the most common type of males, the superficial arch was formed only by the ulnar artery. In the most common type of females, the superficial arch was formed anastomosis between the radial artery and the ulnar artery. The average length of the superficial and deep palmar arch is $110.3{\pm}33.0mm$ and $67.9{\pm}14.0mm$ respectively. Regarding the superficial palmar arch, ulnar artery starts $-16.1{\pm}5.1mm$ on X - line, and $2.5{\pm}24.5mm$ on Y - line. Radial artery appears on palmar side $7.7{\pm}3.2mm$ on X - line, and $20.9{\pm}10.9mm$ on Y - line. But radial artery starts on $6.3{\pm}3.6mm$ on X - line, and $3.4{\pm}5.1mm$ on Y - line. Digital arteries of superficial palmar arch starts on $6.1{\pm}3.7mm$, $33.9{\pm}8.8mm$ on index finger, $1.8{\pm}3.4mm$, $40.1{\pm}7.3mm$ on middle finger, $-3.2{\pm}4.9mm$, $42.6{\pm}7.0mm$ on ring finger, and $-8.9{\pm}5.1mm$, $42.5{\pm}80mm$ on little finger in respective X and Y coordinates. Radial artery of deep palmar arches measured at the palmar side perforating from the dorsum of hand. It's coordinates were $9.7{\pm}4.8mm$ on X - line, $21.7{\pm}10.2mm$ on Y - line. Ulnar artery was measured at hypothenar area, and it's coordinates were $-20.4{\pm}6.3mm$ on X - line, and $30.6{\pm}7.4mm$ on Y - line. Conclusions: Anatomically superficial palmar arch can be divided into a complete and an incomplete type. Each of them can be subdivided into 4 types. The deep palmar arch is less variable than the superficial palmar arch. We believe these values of the study will be used for the vascular surgery of the hand using the endoscope and robot in the future.
Kim, Jong-Min;Kim, Dae-Sup;Back, Geum-Mun;Kang, Tae-Yeong;Hong, Dong-Ki;Yun, Hwa-Yong;Kwon, Kyeong-Tae
The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
/
v.22
no.1
/
pp.1-10
/
2010
Purpose: The effect of artifact was analyzed, which occurs from fiducial marker during the liver Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) using the fiducial marker. Materials and Methods: The size of artifact of fixed fiducial marker and length of mobile fiducial marker locus were measured using the On-Board Imager system (OBI) and CT simulator, and 2D-2D matching and 3D-3D matching were carried out, respectively, and at this time, the coordinates transition value of couch was analyzed. Results: The measurement of fixed fiducial marker artifact size indicated CT 4.90, 8.10, 12.90, 19.70 mm and OBI 5.60, 10.60, 14.70, 29.40 mm based on the reference CT slice thickness of 1.25, 2.50, 5.00, and 10.00 mm. Meanwhile, the measurement of mobile fiducial marker locus length indicated CT 42.00, 43.10, 46.50 mm, and OBI 43.40, 46.00, 49.30 mm. The coordinates transition of 1.00, 2.00, and 8.00 mm occurred between 2D-2D matching and 3D-3D matching. Conclusion: It was confirmed that the therapy error increased during IGRT due to the influence of artifact when CT slice thickness increased. Thus, it may be desirable to acquire the image less than 2.50 mm in slice thickness when IGRT is implemented using the fiducial marker.
Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
/
v.38
no.1
/
pp.11-21
/
2020
This paper deals with the impact of a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) antenna radome on the PCV (Phase Center Variations) and the estimated kinematic coordinates. For the Trimble and Leica antennas, specially set up CORS (Continuously Operation Reference Stations) in Korea, the PCC (Phase Center Corrections) were calculated and compared for NONE, SCIS, SCIT, and TZGD radome from the PCV model published by the IGS (International GNSS Services). The results revealed that the PCC differences compared to the NONE were limited to about 1mm in the horizontal component while those of the vertical direction ranged from a few millimeters to a maximum of 7mm. Among the radomes of which PCV were compared, the SCIT had the most significant influence on the vertical component, and its GPS (Global Positioning System) L2 and L2 PCC (Phase Center Corrections) had opposite direction. As a result of comparing the kinematic coordinates estimated by the baseline processing of 7 CORSs with an application of the PCV models of the various radomes, the SCIS which was actually installed at CORS in Korea showed 3.4mm bias, the most substantial impact on the ellipsoidal height estimation whereas the SCIT model resulted in relatively small biases.
Purpose: Facial asymmetry has been measured by the severity of deviation of the menton (Me) on posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms and three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). This study aimed to compare PA cephalograms and 3D CT regarding the severity of Me deviation and the direction of the Me. Materials and Methods: PA cephalograms and 3D CT images of 35 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery (19 males and 16 females, with an average age of $22.1{\pm}3.3years$) were retrospectively reviewed in this study. By measuring the distance and direction of the Me from the midfacial reference line and the midsagittal plane in the cephalograms and 3D CT, respectively, the x-coordinates ($x_1$ and $x_2$) of the Me were obtained in each image. The difference between the x-coordinates was calculated and statistical analysis was performed to compare the severity of Me deviation and the direction of the Me in the two imaging modalities. Results: A statistically significant difference in the severity of Me deviation was found between the two imaging modalities (${\Delta}x=2.45{\pm}2.03mm$, p<0.05) using the one-sample t-test. Statistically significant agreement was observed in the presence of deviation (k=0.64, p<0.05) and in the severity of Me deviation (k=0.27, p<0.05). A difference in the direction of the Me was detected in three patients (8.6%). The severity of the Me deviation was found to vary according to the imaging modality in 16 patients (45.7%). Conclusion: The measurement of Me deviation may be different between PA cephalograms and 3D CT in some patients.
Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
/
v.36
no.6
/
pp.457-467
/
2018
Currently, the regulation and rules for public surveying and the UCPs (Unified Control Points) adapts those of the triangulated traverse surveying. In addition, such regulations do not take account of the unique characteristics of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) surveying, thus there are difficulties in field work and data processing afterwards. A detailed procesure of GNSS processing has not yet been described either, and the verification of accuracy does not follow the generic standards. In order to propose an appropriate procedure for field surveys, we processed a short session (30 minutes) based on the scenarios similar to actual situations. The reference network in Seoul was used to process the same data span for 3 days. The temporal variation during the day was evaluated as well. We analyzed the accuracy of the estimated coordinates depending on the parameterization of tropospheric delay, which was compared with the 24-hr static processing results. Estimating the tropospheric delay is advantageous for the accuracy and stability of the coordinates, resulting in about 5 mm and 10 mm of RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) for horizontal and vertical components, respectively. Based on the test results, we propose a procedure to estimate the daily solution and then combine them to estimate the final solution by applying the minimum constraints (no-net-translation condition). It is necessary to develop a web-based processing system using a high-end softwares. Additionally, it is also required to standardize the ID of the public control points and the UCPs for the automatic GNSS processing.
Lee, Tae Hee;Lim, Hyeokjin;Yun, Seong Hak;Kang, Jong Wan
Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
/
v.53
no.12
/
pp.1049-1057
/
2020
This study aimed to develop a flow measurement method using drone in flood season. Measuring flow in all branches is difficult to conduct annually due to budget and labor limitation, safety and river works. Especially when heavy rain like storm comes, changes in stage-discharge relationship should be reviewed; however, it is usually impeded by the aforementioned issues. To solve the problem, it developed a simple measuring method with a minimum of labor and time. A numeric map and numeric orthophoto coordinate of South Korea are mostly based on Transverse Mercator Projection (TM) in accordance with rectangular coordinate system and use World Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) oval figure for conversion. Applying a concept of aerial photogrammetry, it located four visible Ground Control Points (GCP) near the river at Uijeongbu-si (Singok Bridge) and Yeongdong-gun (Youngdong 2nd Bridge) station and measured the coordinates using VRS DGPS. Hovering at a same level, drones took orthophoto of water surface at an interval of 3 seconds. It defined the pictures with GRS80 TM coordinate system, a rectangular coordinate system and then conducted an orthometric correction using GCP coordinates. According to X and Y coordinate analysis, it estimated the distance between the floating positions at 3 seconds-intervals and calculated the flow through the flow area according to the flow path. This study attested applicability of the flow measurement method using drone in flood season by applying the rectangular coordinate system based on the concept of aerial photogrammetry.
Purpose: After extraction, the alveolar bone tends to undergo atrophy in three-dimensions. The amount of alveolar bone loss in the horizontal dimension has been reported to be greater than the amount of bone loss in the vertical dimension, and is most pronounced in the buccal aspect. The aim of this study was to monitor the predictive alveolar bone level following the extraction of anterior teeth seriously involved with advanced chronic periodontitis. Methods: This study included 25 patients with advanced chronic periodontitis, whose maxillary anterior teeth had been extracted due to extensive attachment loss more than one year before the study. Periapical radiographs were analyzed to assess the vertical level of alveolar bone surrounding the edentulous area. An imaginary line connecting the mesial and the distal ends of the alveolar crest facing the adjacent tooth was arbitrarily created. Several representative coordinates were established in the horizontal direction, and the vertical distance from the imaginary line to the alveolar crest was measured at each coordinate for each patient using image analysis software. Regression functions predicting the vertical level of the alveolar bone in the maxillary anterior edentulous area were identified for each patient. Results: The regression functions demonstrated a tendency to converge to parabolic shapes. The predicted maximum distance between the imaginary line and the alveolar bone calculated using the regression function was $1.43{\pm}0.65mm$. No significant differences were found between the expected and actual maximum distances. Likewise, the predicted and actual maximum horizontal distances did not show any significant differences. The distance from the alveolar bone crest to the imaginary lines was not influenced by the mesio-distal spans of the edentulous area. Conclusions: After extraction, the vertical level of the alveolar ridge increased to become closer to the reference line connecting the mesial and distal alveolar crests.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.