• 벤처창업연구
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.107-119
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• 2015

최근 부유층 주거지에 특정 목적에 의한 중 저소득층이 진입, 준거집단에 합류하며 과시효과를 누리고 싶어 한다. 이 현상으로 주거용부동산에 대해 유한계급층이 아닌 일반 소비자들의 과시효과에 대한 욕구를 유추할 수 있다. 과시소비를 함으로써 고가의 상품을 구매할 수 있는 준거집단에 속한다는 우월함과 고가를 지불할 수 있는 능력을 통해 부를 전시하는 효과를 얻는다고 볼 때 자신의 사회경제적 능력을 보이기 위한 과시적 소비성향은 주거용부동산에도 영향을 미치리라고 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 주거부동산의 거주유형에 따른 베블런효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 다양한 심리적 특성, 주거특성, 인구사회학적 특성이 베블런효과에 미치는 영향을 PLS 경로모형을 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 차가거주자가 자가거주자에 비해 과시소비성향이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 체면민감성은 자아존중감과 주거유형에 정(+)의 영향을 미치며 이는 과시소비성향으로 이어진다. 또한 거주면적이 크고 소득수준이 높을수록 과시소비성향이 큰 것으로 확인되었다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.217-229
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the soft-tissue change after the maxillary protraction therapy using threedimensional (3D) facial images. Materials and Methods: This study used pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2) 3D facial images from thirteen Class III malocclusion patients (6 boys and 7 girls; mean age, $8.9{\pm}2.2years$) who received maxillary protraction therapy. The facial images were taken using the optical scanner (Rexcan III 3D scanner), and T1 and T2 images were superimposed using forehead area as a reference. The soft-tissue changes after the treatment (T2-T1) were three-dimensionally calculated using 15 soft-tissue landmarks and 3 reference planes. Results: Anterior movements of the soft-tissue were observed on the pronasale, subnasale, nasal ala, soft-tissue zygoma, and upper lip area. Posterior movements were observed on the lower lip, soft-tissue B-point, and soft-tissue gnathion area. Vertically, most soft-tissue landmarks moved downward at T2. In transverse direction, bilateral landmarks, i.e. exocanthion, zygomatic point, nasal ala, and cheilion moved more laterally at T2. Conclusion: Facial soft-tissue of Class III malocclusion patients was changed three-dimensionally after maxillary protraction therapy. Especially, the facial profile was improved by forward movement of midface and downward and backward movement of lower face.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.241-255
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• 2002

교정치료의 목표는 좋은 안모 균형과 치열의 안정을 얻는 것이며 이를 위해서는 부정교합의 다양한 원인에 상응한 치료를 시행해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 성인 골격성 II급 부정교합자의 측모두부규격 방사선학적 특징을 조사하기 위하여 성인 정상교합자 140명(남 70명, 여 70명)과 성인 골격성 II급 부정교합자 120명(남 60명, 여 60명)의 측모두부규격 방사선사진을 촬영하였으며 계측결과를 바탕으로 골격 및 치아, 연조직 59개 항목을 평가하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 수직적 거리 계측치 및 고경 비율은 골격 분석에서는 정상교합군과 II급 부정교합군에서 차이가 없었으나 연조직 분석에서는 다소 차이를 보였다. 2. II급 부정교합군이 정상교합군에 비해 하악골 길이는 더 작았으며 더 후방에 위치하였다. 3. 상악골의 길이와 전후방적 위치는 II급 부정교합군과 정상교합군 간에 차이가 없었다. 4. 코, 상순, 상악 연조직 부위의 전후방적 위치와 Nasolabial angle은 정상교합군과 II급 부정교합군 간에 차이가 없었으며 하악 연조직의 전후방적 위치에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 5. 상하악 전치의 수직적 길이(U1-HP, L1-MP)는 II급 부정교합군이 정상교합군보다 더 컸으며 제1대구치에서는 두 군간 차이가 없었다. 6.상순에 대한 상악전치의 노출도(U1-Stms), 상악전치의 치축 각도(U1-HP)는 두 군간 차이가 없었으며 하악전치의 치축 각도(IMPA)는 II급 부정교합군이 정상교합군보다 더 컸다. 7. II급 부정 교합군의 안모 유형 분류에서, 상악골은 정상 위치 하고 하악골이 후방 위치하는 경우가 43.3%로 가장 많았으며, 상악골과 하악골이 모두 정상 위치하는 경우가 28.3%, 상악골과 하악골이 모두 후방 위치하는 경우는 20.0%였다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.411-416
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• 2016

NGS 기술은 전체 게놈 시퀀싱 및 reference 게놈에 alignment에 의해 돌연변이 표현형에 관련된 돌연변이 식별에 이용한다. 그러나 품종 및 계통들을 resequence 하였을 경우 기존의 reference 게놈에 구조적 변이가 보이며, reference와 맞지 않는 게놈지역에서 돌연변이들은 단순한 alignment로 찾을 수 없다. 본 리뷰에서는 NGS 기술을 이용하여 돌연변이체로부터 변이 관련 유전자를 식별하는 MutMap, MutMap-Gap 및 MutMap+ 방법을 기술하였고 지금까지의 연구현황에 대해 기술하였다. 아울러 이들 방법은 nucleotide-binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) 그룹들의 병 저항성 유전자와 같이 구조적 변이를 가진 유전자를 분리하는 등 유용성에 대해 고찰하였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.357-366
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the transverse dental compensation in reference to the maxillary and mandibular basal bones using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and evaluate the correlations between transverse dental compensation and skeletal asymmetry variables in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry. Methods: Thirty patients with skeletal Class I (control group; 15 men, 15 women) and 30 patients with skeletal Class III with menton deviation (asymmetry group; 16 men, 14 women) were included. Skeletal and dental measurements were acquired from reconstructed CBCT images using OnDemand3D 1.0 software. All measurements were compared between groups and between the deviated and nondeviated sides of the asymmetry group. Correlation coefficients for the association between skeletal and dental measurements were calculated. Results: Differences in the ramus inclination (p < 0.001), maxillary canine and first molar inclinations (p < 0.001), and distances from the canine and first molar cusp tips to the midmaxillary or midmandibular planes (p < 0.01) between the right and left sides were significantly greater in the asymmetry group than in the control group. In the asymmetry group, the ramus inclination difference (p < 0.05) and mandibular canting (p < 0.05) were correlated with the amount of menton deviation. In addition, dental measurements were positively correlated with the amount of menton deviation (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Transverse dental compensation was correlated with the maxillary and mandibular asymmetry patterns. These results would be helpful in understanding the pattern of transverse dental compensation and planning surgical procedure for patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.21-38
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• 2004

This study provides a descriptive and analytical account of major aspects of urban development and transformation of housing types of Italian Firenze from the 13th century to the 19th century. It is a typo-morphological depiction of urban spatial structure of the extraordinary city, Firenze, the center of Italian Renaissance. And this study has proceeded on the assumption that the evolving form of the urban structure and housing types cannot be understood without reference to the larger context of political, economic, and social life. Based on these backgrounds, the purpose of this study is threefold: to provide a comprehensive discussion of general characteristics of urban spatial structure of Firenze, and to explain the process of formation of working-class neighborhoods by constructing new city wall in later 13th century, and to discuss transformation of housing types of the working-class neighborhood with understanding the mechanism of existence of housing in the newly formed residential neighborhoods. The development of residential neighborhoods was pursued by 'planned' manner through forming square-shaped blocks, and characterized by the subdivision of larger properties into standardized building lots for the construction of houses. On the bases of documentary evidences, several ecclesiastical institutions are identified as the agents of a distinctive type of development. While the institutions did the major role for developing lands, the construction of houses was done by small scale construction agents with moderate amount of properties. The major housing type of working-class neighborhoods of Firenze has been the 'casa a schiera' characterized by the form of narrow front and long depth. The type was generalized by the newly formed middle and working-class of Firenze which grew their body very rapidly, Even though the type assumed very uniform in its fen there were many variations. And through passing time, the casa a schiera developed to be multi-family housing, and the level of variation became deepen. Eventually, transformation of housing type of Firenze was ended by appearance of the 'casa in linea', which was very similar to modern apartment in its spatial organization.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2010

The present study was undertaken to establish reference values for the composition blood lymphocyte populations and compare forty three Hanwoo neonatal calves (KC) with twenty one Holstein calves (HC) by blood cell count and immunophynotying. The percentages of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, CD26+, ACT2+, MHC class, MHC class II and WC1+ T cells, B cells were determined by flow cytometry. The number of lymphocyte and monocyte in HC were higher than those of KC. However, the number of neutrophils was higher in HC than KC. The proportions of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, MHC class, and WC1+ lymphocytes remained relatively stable during the study period, while there was a moderate increase in the relative percentage of CD26+, ACT2+, MHC class II and B cell from birth to approximately 3 weeks of age. Marked differences in the relative proportions of the lymphocyte subpopulations were noted between the individual calves. The present study shows that the T-cell subpopulations are present in peripheral blood of KC at levels comparable with HC, while the MHC class II and B cell population of KC increases significantly with age. The absolute number of WBC in KC was due to the decrease of absolute number of neutrophil rather than the increase of lymphocyte. The results indicated that KC have significantly higher number of neutrophils, and proportion of MHC class II and B cell than HC.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.180-189
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• 2020

본 연구는 대학생들이 수업에 대한 인식을 유형화하여 보다 효과적인 수업방식을 도입하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 Q 방법론을 활용하였으며, Q표본은 33개의 진술문으로 구성되었고, P표본은 교양수업을 듣는 40명의 학생으로 구성되었다. 연구결과 총 4가지의 유형이 도출되었으며 유형 1은 수업을 통하여 성장하려고 하는 욕구가 강한 '내실 있는 수업을 중요하게 생각하는 유형', 유형 2는 수업을 듣는 과정이 일을 할 때 실질적인 도움이 되기를 기대하는 '실무능력 향상을 중요하게 생각하는 유형', 유형 3은 수강인원수나 교수와의 소통, 실질적인 환경 등에 중점을 두는 '교육환경을 중요하게 생각하는 유형', 유형 4는 스스로 듣고 싶은 수업을 통하여 다양한 지적 역량을 향상시키고자 하는 '개인적인 역량 향상을 중요하게 생각하는 유형' 등으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과가 대학 수업의 질을 향상하고 다양한 대학생의 수업 요구를 충족할 수 있도록 돕는 기초자료가 되기를 바란다.

• 중환자간호학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the appropriate nurse staffing ratio in intensive care units (ICUs) by measuring nursing workload based on patient's severity and needs, using the Korean Patient Classification System for critical care nurses. Methods: The data were collected from January 18 to February 29, 2016 using a standardized checklist by observation or self-report. During the study period, 723 patients were included to be categorized from I to IV using the patient classification system. Measurement of total nursing workload on a shift was calculated in terms of hours based on the time and motion method by using tools for surveying nursing activities. The nursing activities were categorized as direct nursing care, indirect nursing care, and personal time. Total of 127 cases were included in measuring direct nursing time and 18 nurses participated in measuring indirect and personal time. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Two patients were classified into Class I (11.1%), 5 into Class II (27.8%), 9 into Class III (50%), and two into Class IV (11.1%). The amount of direct nursing care required for Class IV (513.7 min) was significantly more than that required for Class I (135.4 min). Direct and indirect nursing care was provided more often during the day shift as compared to the evening or night shifts. These findings provided the rationale for determining the appropriate ratio for nursing staff per shift based on the nursing workload in each shift. Conclusions: An appropriate ratio of nurse staffing should be ensured in ICUs to re-arrange the workload of nurses to help them provide essential direct care for patients.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.509-529
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• 1992

Skeletal Class III malocclusion is one of the most difficult type to treat and stabilize. For a child with developing skeletal Class III malocclusion, the treatment objective would be to stimulate maxillary growth, particulary one who has markedly deficient maxilla, and to restrain excessive mandibular growth. In order to stimulate the maxillary growth, maxillary protraction appliance is the one of the effective orthopedic appliances in skeletal Class III. The purposes of this study were as follows ; evaluation of the skeletal and dental changes of the maxillary protraction in children with Class III Maxillary deficiency , comparison of the clinical effects between the group with RPE and labiolingual intraoral appliances , comparison of the clinical effects and stability related to the ages of the patients : stability of the maxillary protraction about 1 year after retention. The subjects consisted of 60 children between the ages of 8 and 13.4 who were diagnosed as Class III with maxillary deficiency and were treated with Face Mask (Delaire Type) from the Dept. of Orthodontics Yong Dong Severance Hospital, Yonsei University. 48 children wore the RPE and 12 children wore Labiolingual Appliance. Lateral Cephalograms were taken for each patient at before and after correction of anterior cross-bite in 60 children, and after an observation period of 10 to 14 months in 19 children. X and Y coordinate of 10 landmarks were analyzed using a horizontal line through sella and rotated $6^{\circ}$ down anteriorly as the horizontal reference axis, and a perpendicular verticual line through sella as the vertical reference axis. Each of the 31 measurents (10 verticals, 10 horizontals, 2 angles and 9 others) was statistically analyzed using SPSS/PC statistics. The results are as follows; 1. After maxillary protraction the maxilla and maxillary teeth moved downward and forward, while the mandible and mandibular incisor rotated downward and backward. 2. Maxillary protraction with rapid palatal expansion appliance was more effective than with labiolingual appliance. 3. More downward movement of the posterior palatal plane obserbed with maxillary protraction doing the midpalatal suture opening than with protraction after finishing the palatal expansion 4. The clinical effects of protraction and changes of the retention periods were not statistically significant among the age groups. 5. During the retention period, maxilla and maxillary teeth, and mandible and mandibular teeth moved downward and forward, however the mandibular changes were larger than the maxillary changes.