• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.37-39
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• 2009

In the research of speech recognition, locating the beginning and end of a speech utterance in a background of noise is of great importance. Since the background noise presenting to record will introduce disturbance while we just want to get the stationary parameters to represent the corresponding speech section, in particular, a major source of error in automatic recognition system of isolated words is the inaccurate detection of beginning and ending boundaries of test and reference templates, thus we must find potent method to remove the unnecessary regions of a speech signal. The conventional methods for speech endpoint detection are based on two simple time-domain measurements - short-time energy, and short-time zero-crossing rate, which couldn't guarantee the precise results if in the low signal-to-noise ratio environments. This paper proposes a novel approach that finds the Lyapunov exponent of time-domain waveform. This proposed method has no use for obtaining the frequency-domain parameters for endpoint detection process, e.g. Mel-Scale Features, which have been introduced in other paper. Comparing with the conventional methods based on short-time energy and short-time zero-crossing rate, the novel approach based on time-domain Lyapunov Exponents(LEs) is low complexity and suitable for Digital Isolated Word Recognition System.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.4327-4331
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• 2011

A new method in thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) was developed to correct peak tailing backgrounds in the isotope ratio measurements of uranium in ultra trace levels for higher accuracy. Two different uranium standard reference materials (U005 and U030) were used to construct databases of signal intensities at mass 234 u and mass 236 u, which correspond to the two uranium minor isotopes, and signal intensity of $^{238}U$. Correlations between peak tailing backgrounds and $^{238}U$ were obtained by least-squares regression on calculated backgrounds at mass 234 u and mass 236 u with respect to the signal intensity of $^{238}U$ followed by separation of the peak tails of the two major isotopes of uranium ($^{235}U$ and $^{238}U$), which enables us to obtain a master equation for peak tailing background correction on all kinds of samples. Verification of the correction method was carried out using U010 and IRMM-040a.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.63-82
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• 1999

This study has a purpose to provide with the basis reference to decrease the housewives' stress and to improve the quality of family life by investigating the difference in the level of the stress resulted from home management according to background variables family cohesion and adaptability and by finding out relative importance of the variables which affect the stress of housewives resulted from home management. For all above the 550 self-reported questionnaires were distributed to housewives who have at least one child with their spouse in seoul. Finally 433 data were used for the final analysis. The major findings of this study are summarized as follows: First Family cohesion and adaptability show a significant difference by the housewives' education level the number of children communication satisfaction. Second housewives' stress is different significantly in accordance with the state of employment and communication satisfaction. Third it showed the lower the family coh sion and adaptability are the higher the housewives' stress is. And more influential variable of the two on home management stress is family cohesion. Fourth The background variables that influence in home management stress were education level perceived life level and age. Last As a result of looking into relative influence of the variables on the housewives' stress both psychological variable(perceived life level) and family cohesion were important variables in explaining housewives' home management stress.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.1003-1011
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• 2016

In this paper, a new algorithm by using 3D warping technique to effectively fill holes that are produced when creating a virtual-viewpoint image is proposed. A hole is defined as the region that cannot be seen in the reference view when a virtual view is created. In the proposed algorithm, to reduce the blurring effect that occurs on the hole region filled by conventional algorithms and to enhance the texture quality of the generated virtual view, Exemplar Based In-painting algorithm is used. The boundary noise which occurs in the initial virtual view obtained by 3D warping is also removed. After 3D warping, we estimate the relative location of the background to the holes and then pixels adjacent to the background are filled in priority to get better result by not using only adjacent object's information. Also, the temporal inconsistency between frames can be reduced by expanding the search region up to the previous frame when searching for most similar patch. The superiority of the proposed algorithm compared to the existing algorithms can be shown through the experimental results.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2259-2263
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• 2013

Background: Public use National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) and NHANES III linked mortality data were here applied to investigate the association between health insurance coverage and all cause and all cancer mortality in adults. Patients and Methods: NHANES III household adult, laboratory and mortality data were merged. Only patients examined in the mobile examination center (MEC) were included in this study. The sampling weight employed was WTPFEX6, SDPPSU6 being used for the probability sampling unit and SDPSTRA6 to designate the strata for the survey analysis. All cause and all cancer mortalities were used as binary outcomes. The effect of health insurance coverage status on all cause and all cancer mortalities were analyzed with potential socioeconomic, behavioral and health status confounders. Results: There were 2398 sample persons included in this study. The mean age was 40 years and the mean (S.E.) follow up was 171.85 (3.12) person months from the MEC examination. For all cause mortality, the odds ratios (significant p-values) of the covariates were: age, 1.0095 (0.000); no health insurance coverage (using subjects with health insurance), 1.71 (0.092); black race (using non-Hispanic white subjects as the reference group) 1.43, (0.083); Mexican-Americans, 0.60 (0.089); DMPPIR, 0.82, (0.000); and drinking hard liquor, 1.014 (0.007). For all cancer mortality, the odds ratio (significant p-values) of the covariates were: age, 1.0072 (0.00); no health insurance coverage, using with health coverage as the reference group, 2.91 (0.002); black race, using non-Hispanic whites as the reference group, 1.64 (0.047); Mexican Americans, 0.33 (0.008) and smoking, 1.017 (0.118). Conclusion: There was a 70% increase in risk of all cause death and almost 300% of all cancer death for people without any health insurance coverage.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2010

Background: In belly-tendon (bipolar) montage, reference (R2) electrode placed on muscle's tendon has traditionally been considered to be electrically inactive. However, recent studies have revealed that R2 electrode is not simply referential, but actively contributes to compound muscle action potential (CMAP) waveform morphology. These findings suggest that CMAP onset latency and amplitude may also be influenced by the position of R2 electrode. This study was performed in order to evaluate the effect of R2 electrode position on CMAP onset latency and amplitude. Methods: We performed motor nerve conduction studies of median, ulnar, tibial and peroneal nerves on bilateral limbs of 20 normal subjects. We used traditional bipolar and monopolar montage and compared their CMAP onset latencies and amplitudes. In bipolar montage, recording (R1) electrode was placed on mid-belly of muscle with R2 electrode on the tendon of the muscle. In monopolar montage, R1 electrode was placed on the same site of bipolar montage, while R2 electrode was placed on the contralateral limb. Results: The mean CMAP onset latencies of median and peroneal nerves in bipolar montage were significantly different (p<0.05) with those in monopolar montage. And those of ulnar and tibial nerves were not significantly different (p>0.05). The mean CMAP amplitudes of all the tested nerves except ulnar nerve were significantly different (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study shows that change in R2 electrode position can affect the CMAP onset latency and amplitude, and these differences seem to be related to the generation of far field potential by CMAP.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.235-243
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• 2013

In Korea, where the plain land is greatly deficient as a mountainous nation, most of riparian zones were transformed into agricultural fields and urban areas. Excessive use of the land, which is close to river, makes the rivers enduring severe pollution stresses. Disappearance of riparian buffer, which plays a function of filter in the riverside, appears as a main factor aggravating water pollution of rivers. In this respect, it is imperative to restore the lost riparian vegetation. This study found out restoration models of riparian vegetation from the Bongseonsa stream, which has remnant riparian vegetation patches as a conservation reserve. Feasible reference information applicable for restoration of riparian vegetation was shown in the species level in the order of herb, shrub, and tree and sub-tree zones as far away from the waterway. Those information could contribute to restoring integrate and healthy rivers and streams beyond simple landscaping differently from the other restoration projects when they will be applied to the restoration project to be carried out in the future. In addition, the spatial range of river and stream, background that riparian zone disappeared in Korea, and application plan of the obtained reference information were discussed.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of a dietary reference intake (DRI) predictive equation for estimated energy requirements (EER) in female college tennis athletes and non-athlete students using doubly labeled water (DLW) as a reference method. MATERIALS/METHODS: Fifteen female college students, including eight tennis athletes and seven non-athlete subjects (aged between 19 to 24 years), were involved in the study. Subjects' total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by the DLW method, and EER were calculated using the DRI predictive equation. The accuracy of this equation was assessed by comparing the EER calculated using the DRI predictive equation ($EER_{DRI}$) and TEE measured by the DLW method ($TEE_{DLW}$) based on calculation of percentage difference mean and percentage of accurate prediction. The agreement between the two methods was assessed by the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: The percentage difference mean between the methods was -1.1% in athletes and 1.8% in non-athlete subjects, whereas the percentage of accurate prediction was 37.5% and 85.7%, respectively. In the case of athletic subjects, the DRI predictive equation showed a clear bias negatively proportional to the subjects' TEE. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study suggest that the DRI predictive equation could be used to obtain EER in non-athlete female college students at a group level. However, this equation would be difficult to use in the case of athletes at the group and individual levels. The development of a new and more appropriate equation for the prediction of energy expenditure in athletes is proposed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.332-336
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• 2017

Background Little is known concerning hair diameter variation within the safe donor area for hair transplantation surgery. Thicker or thinner hair may be needed, depending on the recipient area, hairline design, and the purpose of surgery. Methods Twenty-seven patients (7 men and 20 women; mean age, 28 years; range, 20-47 years) were included in this study. The midoccipital point was used as the reference point on the horizontal plane at the upper border of the helical rim. The target area width was 15 cm (7.5 cm to the right and left of the reference point) and the height was 8 cm (2 cm above and 6 cm below the reference point). The study area was divided horizontally into 3 5-cm sections (A, B, C) and vertically into 4 2-cm sections (1-4), creating a total of 12 zones. Ten anagen hairs were randomly obtained from each zone and their diameters were measured. Results Hair diameter in the 4 vertical sections varied significantly, gradually decreasing from sections 1 (superior) to 4 (inferior) in all 3 horizontal sections (A, B, and C). Conclusions Our results suggest that sections 1 and 2 of the occipital safe donor area would be useful for obtaining thicker hair, such as in procedures to treat male- and female-pattern hair loss, whereas hair from zones 3 and 4 could be useful for transplantation surgery requiring thinner hair, such as eyebrows, eyelashes, and female hairline correction. Our results may be clinically valuable for planning hair transplant surgery and choosing the optimal donor region.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.447-461
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• 2018

To realize river restoration that ecological characteristics of the river are reflected, we classified the river into four reaches of valley stream, upstream, midstream, and downstream based on substrate as well as riverbed gradient obtained from the relationship between distance from the river mouth, and above sea level. Considering that the rivers of Korea have been dominated by various and intense artificial interferences over a lengthy period, we determined cross sectional range of the river based on the geological map and clarified transformation degree by reach. Vegetation profile diagram was prepared by depicting horizontal range and vertical stratification of major vegetation appearing in a belt transect of 10 m breadth installed between weirs constructed in both sides of the river. Restoration models by river reach were prepared based on breadth of waterway, bare ground, herb, shrub, and tree dominated vegetation zones on vegetation profiles wherein a flooding regime was reflected. Species composition information collected from vegetation established in each zone was systematized to use for restoring each reach ecologically. Further, background that longitudinal reaches and horizontal zones were divided, was discussed by comparing with case studies in foreign countries. In addition, necessity of ecological restoration of the river was discussed based on degree of integrity of Korean rivers, ecological significance of riparian vegetation, and importance of reference information for ecological restoration of the river.