• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.185-194
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• 2014

Seasonal monitoring was implemented to understand the influence of macrophyte bed structure on the composition and trophic interaction of aquatic organisms (algae, zooplankton, macro-invertebrate, and fish) in a shallow wetland (Upo Wetland, South Korea). Distinct division of the plant assemblage (reed zone and mixed plant zone) was observed. The reed zone was composed solely of Phragmites communis, whereas the mixed plant zone comprised a diverse macrophyte assemblage (Salvinia natans, Spirodela polyrhiza, Trapa japonica, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Hydrilla verticillata). Most of the aquatic organisms were more abundant in the mixed plant zone than in the reed zone, and this was positively associated with the seasonal development of macrophyte cover. Stable isotope analysis showed seasonal interactions among aquatic organisms. The majority of aquatic animal (zooplankton, Odonata, and Ephemeroptera) were dependent on epiphytic particulate organic matter (EPOM), and the dependence on EPOM gradually increased toward autumn. Interestingly, Lepomis macrochirus consumed Ephemeroptera and zooplankton in both macrophyte zones, but Micropterus salmoides depended on different food items in the reed zone and the mixed plant zone. Although, M. salmoides in the reed zone showed food utilization similar to L. macrochirus, it consumed Odonata or small L. macrochirus in the mixed plant zone. Based on these results, it appears that differences in the structure of the two macrophyte zones support different assemblages of aquatic organisms, strongly influencing the trophic interactions between the aquatic organisms.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.666-674
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• 2011

To elucidate genetic diversity of common reed in Korea, we collected a total of 674 common reed plants from 27 regions in South Korea. Hierarchical clustering using 7 morphological traits divided the 27 common reed populations into 7 groups. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) results identified three distinct groups of common reed. Common reed accessions in group I mostly inhabit coastal areas. Group II includes reeds mostly collected from inland areas. Group III consists of common reed accessions collected from inland and coastal areas, suggesting that this group might contain hybrids. In summary, we suggest that parapatric speciation might be an important factor in the genetic diversity of common reed and geographical speciation of common reed that might be also affected by environmental gradients.

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.311-320
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• 2004

A great portion of the marginal zone in Lake Gocheonam was covered with reed plants. Algae attached to the reed stems were exclusively composed of diatoms. Sixty-six species of diatoms were encountered in a floral survey. The important species were Nitzschia liebetruthii Rabh., Nitzschia acicularis (Ku¨tz.) W. Sm., Navicula gregaria Donk., Cocconeis placentula var. lineata (Ehr.) V.H. etc. Among the diatom flora, six species - Navicula nivalis Ehr., Navicula recens Lange-B., Nitzschia angustatula Lange-B., Nitzschia compressa (Bail.) Boyer, Nitzschia lanceola var. minutula Grin. and Surirella crumena Bre´b. - were recorded in Korea for the first times. Life forms of the reed-attached diatoms were simply prostrate. The biomass of epiphytic algae ranged from 0.05㎍ chl-$\alpha$ cm$^{-2}$ to 2.32$\mu$g chl-$\alpha$ cm$^{-2}$. The algal biomass of dead stems was higher than that of the living stems, and their flora were rich. The algal biomass reached a maximum in the spring after the death of the reed plants. The reed plants exhibited rich diatom flora and significantly high algal biomass on their stems to have taxonomical and ecological importance in the freshwater.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2002

To evaluate the effect of reed population on the distribution and activities of microorganisms, vertical distribution of heterotrophic bacteria, degradation rate of cellulose, extracellular aminopeptidase activity (APA) and metabolic diversity based on GN2 Microlog plate were measured at two salt marsh stations in Hogok-ri, Namyang Bay, west coast of Korea. The number of heterotrophic bacteria at station 1 (reed population inhabited area) showed 2 to 6 times higher than that of station 2 (exposed area) with exception in the surface layer. Cellulose degradation rates in station 1 showed more than 50%. month-I and higher than that of station 2 (10.2 to 38.4%. $month^{-1}$). Yet the APA at two stations did not show difference except surface layer and suggested that APA might not be a significant factor in degrading marsh plant debris. Lipid class compounds, cell wall polymers and L-alanine were widely used by microorganisms. The number and activities of bacterial populations especially concerned in plant debris degradation seemed to be stimulated by the reed communities.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2021

The roots of reed (Phragmites australis) were used in traditional medicine to treat respiratory problems, including symptoms such as high fever and cough. In this study, we identified the active ingredient from 70% EtOH reed root extract, and evaluated the whitening, wrinkle improvement and moisturizing effects. The content of p-coumaric acid, the active ingredient of the roots of P. australis, was slightly lower in 70% EtOH extract than in 100% EtOH extract. However, 70% EtOH reed root extract showed similar or higher effect in reducing power, DPPH, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and nitric oxide scavenging activity compared to 100% EtOH extract. Moreover, 70% EtOH reed root extract markedly inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10 cells treated with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. 70% EtOH reed root extract significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and reduced elastase activity in HDF human dermal fibroblasts. In addition, 70% EtOH reed root extract ameliorated hyaluronic acid synthase-2 (HAS-2) expression induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) stimulation in HaCaT keratinocytes. The results of this study suggest that 70% EtOH reed root extract has potential as a functional cosmetic material related to whitening, wrinkle improvement, and moisturizing.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.232-238
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• 1992

To understand the basic information on the management and utilization of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), four cultivars of Palaton. Venture, Castor and Frontier (control) were compared for growth characteristics, dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value, 1990 to 1992. The reed canarygrass was harvested four times annually, at soiling stage. The average plant height at harvest was 60 cm in Frontier, 57 cm in Palaton and Venture, and 52 cm in Castor. Initial heading and heading date in 1990 were ca. 21 May and 29 May, respectively, regardless of cultivar. The highest yield (12.495 kg/ha) in 1990 was observed by Frontier. In 1991. Palaton. Venture and Frontier outyielded Castor significantly, and the yields of all cultivars in 1992 were not significant, ranged from 11,460 kg (Castor) to 12,298 kg/ha (Palaton). On an average for three years, Palaton (10,592 kg), Venturc (10,405 kg) and Frontier (1 1,277 kg/ha) produced more forages than Castor. In Frontier the percentage of DM distribution at first harvest (spring) was highest (32.4%). However, the distributions at third (summer) and fourth (autumn) harvest were high in Palaton and Venture, compared with Frontier. The nutritive value of reed canarygrass was not significantly different among cultivars, and the percentage of weeds was slightly high in Castor reed canarygrass.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2011

In order to develop an efficient, reliable and reproducible tissue culture system for reed (Phragmites communis Trinius), an efficient plant regeneration system via callus induction was established using mature seeds as explants. MS medium containing 1 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BA was optimal for callus induction from mature seeds. The highest frequency (88.7%) of callus formation was obtained in 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D. The highest plant regeneration frequency (59.6%) was found when the embryogenic calli were subcultured on MS medium supplemented with 100 mg/L myo-inositol, whereas, adding of plant growth regulators was not so promising in this case. Our result would be useful for development of transgenic reed plants.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1129-1137
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• 2008

We investigated the ecological characteristics of reed populations growing in Korea and tried to select reed populations showing better growth patterns in waste landfill leachate. To examine the growth characteristics, 14 reed populations from various habitats were collected. Four reed populations were from inland reclaimed habitats, 4 reed populations from brackish or salt marsh habitats, and 6 reed populations from fresh water habitats. Total plant biomass after the treatment with landfill leachate showed that Daebudo and Nanjido reed populations had the higher biomass with 3755 g DW/pot and 3305 g DW/pot, respectively. Reed populations being sampled from the higher salinity and landfill habitats had relatively higher total biomass than that of other reed populations. Especially reed populations from landfill habitats showed higher biomass. Reed populations from Songjiho and Daebudo, which were believed to have tolerance to salt stress, also showed good growth patterns. Population from the fresh water habitats exhibited relatively lower tolerance to leachate treatment compared to others. From the results, we could conclude that reed populations from Nanjido and Daebudo with higher biomass and better salt tolerance were able to good candidates for purification of waste landfill leachate.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 1998

We examined whether several reeds, which are found around Ulsan area, could be used for downflow reed-bed to remove pollutants of sewage. Three kinds of reed, such as Phagnltes auspuis, ha orientdls, and Phduis aundinacea L., were collected from their habitats near the Taehwa River in Ulsan City. In the minimized model system of dowMlow reed-bed, P.auskdls appeared to reduce BOD more than others did but s119h11y Increase total amount of nitrogen(N). When p. auspdis were placed in the sterilized water. total nitrogen was found to be signincantly increased dependent on the number of experimental plant In the sterilized state, but it was rather decreased in the non-sterilized state. With these results, nlicroorganisms attached to p.auspuis roots can be thought to work for removal of pollutants. Therefore, these microorganisms and their habitat, p. auskdis reed bed, together can be used for sewage treatment It was suggested that oxygen Is produced by photosynthesis reaction of P ecustrdis. The increased oxygen may help microorganisms in their habitats to work on the removal of pollutants.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.129-134
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• 1975

It was studied of relation between biomass of reed communities (Phragmitis communis) and several environmental factors concerned with such as chlor ine, pH, humus content in soil and depth of seawater submerged. Two sites where were the different geographical conditions were set up. One site had two plots: H plot, at theshallows of seawater, was not submerged except at full tide or at heavy rainfall, and M plot, at medium depth of seawater, submerged at every common tide at inside of a bank along the west seashore of Mu-An-peninsula. The other site also two plots: M' plot, at medium depth, submerged about 10 hours at each tide, and L plot, at deep seawater submerged every tims at tide at the outside of a bank along the eastside estuary of Youngsan river. Maximum standing crop of the reed community was shown on 25th of June: biomass at H M, M' and L plot were respectively 4.65, 3.60, 0.98, and 0.67 kg dry weight per $m^2$. Density of individual at H, M, M' and L plot was 67, 78, 244 and 333 plants per $m^2$. Net production of the terrestrial parts of rred community on the outside of the bank were lesser as much as a sixth than that on inside, but the density of the plant on outside of the bank was higher as much 4 or 5 times than that on inside. It was assumed that the growth of reed plant was inhibited by high chlorine, high pH, less humus in soil and submergence of seawater for long period.