• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.105-113
• /
• 2003

Successful operation of a reactor can be accomplished when it is operated at proper D depending on the state of degradation. Operation at high D leads to the washout of biomass in the reactor while operation at low D leads to product inhibition due to the accumulation of excess VFA. These appear to limit the production of hydrogen to reach a higher level. Operation by D control was performed to improve the efficiency of hydrogen fermentation of food waste. Although simple organic matters were rapidly degraded in the early stage (day 1-2), proper VFA concentration and pH values were kept in the reactor at D of $4.5d^{-1}$, which was previously reported to be optimum initial D. High butyrate/acetate (B/A) ratios over 3.2 were obtained. Without D control, the reduction of simple organic matters after day 2 caused the decrease of VFA production and the increase of pH. Hydrogen production also decreased, as microbial proliferation was less than microbial loss by washout. However, the reactor performance was dramatically improved at D control from 4.5 to $2.3d^{-1}$. It showed the highest B/A ratios over 2.0 among the reactors on day 4-7. The second hydrogen peak appeared on day 4, resulting in the highest fermentation efficiency (70.8%) among the reactors. It was caused by the enhanced degradation of slowly degradable matters. The COD removed was converted to hydrogen (19.3%), VFA (36.5%), and ethanol (15.0%). Therefore, the strategy using D control, depending on the state of degradation, was effective in improving the efficiency of hydrogen fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.138-143
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of vermicomposts on the growth parameters and ginsenoside content of ginseng roots. Food waste vermicompost (FW), cow manure vermicompost (CM), and paper sludge vermicompost (PS) were applied at 10 and $40t\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. One-year-old seedlings were transplanted and 4-year-old roots were harvested. Soil nitrate and phosphate concentrations were increased in the plots applied with FW and CM at $40t\;ha^{-1}$. Soil pH and exchangeable Ca concentrations were higher at FW $40t\;ha^{-1}$ than at CM $40t\;ha^{-1}$. Root yield increased when treated with FW $40t\;ha^{-1}$ in comparison to the yield for the control. The incidences of root rot disease and ginsenoside content were not significantly affected by the treatments. The results suggested that application of vermicompost might not show a relationship between root biomass and ginsenoside content. It further showed that proper use of vermicompost can promote root yield without a reduction in root quality or an increase in the incidence of root rot disease in reclaimed fields.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.789-797
• /
• 2018

This study investigated the activity of crude enzymes obtained from Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo on milk proteins. In the milk processing industry, there is an increasing interest in the addition of functional materials to dairy products or functional peptides isolated from milk proteins. First, Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo was separated into core, flesh, and peel regions, and crude enzymes were obtained from the individual regions. The activity of the obtained crude enzymes was measured using casein and gelatin agar. The crude enzyme obtained from the flesh of Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo decomposed gelatin, but the activity of the crude enzymes obtained from the peel and core regions was insignificant. On the other hand, the crude enzymes obtained from the flesh and core regions of Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo had a remarkable enzymatic activity in casein agar. However, the activity of the crude enzyme obtained from the peel region was insignificant. In addition, the crude enzymes obtained from the individual regions were mixed with casein to induce reactions, and the degradation patterns were investigated through electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). According to the results, the crude enzymes from Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo degraded milk proteins. Thus, the results of this study can be used in studies on functionality. Additionally, it is expected that the use of pear peels and cores in the milk processing industry would greatly contribute to the reduction of food waste.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.7
• /
• pp.3559-3567
• /
• 2016

Background: In recent years, there has been considerable research on recycling of agro-industrial waste for production of bioactive compounds. The food processing industry produces large amounts of citrus peels that may be an inexpensive source of useful agents. Objective: The present work aimed to explore the phytochemical content, antioxidant, anticancer, antiproliferation, and antigenotxic activities of lemon, grapefruit, and mandarin peels. Materials and Methods: Peels were extracted using 98% ethanol and the three crude extracts were assessed for their total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). Their cytotoxic and mitogenic proliferation activities were also studied in human leukemia HL-60 cells and mouse splenocytes by CCK-8 assay. In addition, genotoxic/antigenotoxic activity was explored in mouse splenocytes using chromosomal aberrations (CAs) assay. Results: Lemon peels had the highest of TPC followed by grapefruit and mandarin. In contrast, mandarin peels contained the highest of TFC followed by lemon and grapefruit peels. Among the extracts, lemon peel possessed the strongest antioxidant activity as indicated by the highest DPPH radical scavenging, the lowest effective concentration 50% ($EC_{50}=42.97{\mu}g\;extract/mL$), and the highest Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC=0.157). Mandarin peel exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity ($IC_{50}=77.8{\mu}g/mL$) against HL-60 cells, whereas grapefruit and lemon peels were ineffective anti-leukemia. Further, citrus peels possessed immunostimulation activity via augmentation of proliferation of mouse splenocytes (T-lymphocytes). Citrus extracts exerted non-cytotoxic, and antigenotoxic activities through remarkable reduction of CAs induced by cisplatin in mouse splenocytes for 24 h. Conclusions: The phytochemical constituents of the citrus peels may exert biological activities including anticancer, immunostimulation and antigenotoxic potential.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.57-65
• /
• 2010

Currently, the pursuit of industrialization for rapid economic growth has led to serious environmental damage and related problems because of comtamination with chemicals. Over time, this contaminaion is getting worse and worse. Most developing countries have tried to pursue their economic development and growth, however without preparation for the control and disposal of hazardous wastes. Permitting hazardous waste to be abandoned and disposed in appropriately causes soil pollution, groundwater contamination, and surface water contamination, which are all extremely serious. In particular, when hazardous wastes which include toxic chemicals are distributed around the living environment even in small amounts, concentration can occur in the food chain through ecological systems, which can therefore affect human. Chromium(VI) has contaminated soil in China. We experimented to test the immobilization, chemical reduction, and soil washing methods in order to make our experiment efficient in the purification of soil contaminated with Chromium(VI), and to prove the theoretical models by experiments testing the field applications. The field experiment showed that result of experiment satisfied with the standards of China. The result of multi-stage continuous remediation reduce the Chromium(VI) concentration to 11.95 mg/kg and 14.83 mg/kg that were equivalent to 98% and 97% removal rates. This result implied we could apply multi-stage process of Chromium(VI) contaminated soil to meet the regulatory limit of Chromium(VI).

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate production of complex odor and 12 specific odorous compounds in a pilot-scale (capacity : $100m^3$) ultra thermophilic aerobic composting. There were three types input: municipal wasted sludge, livestock manure and slurry, and food waste produced in Jung-Eb city. Each raw material was mixed with seed material and operated for two periods (1st : 50 days, 2nd : 60days). During composting, the temperature hit $90{\sim}95^{\circ}C$ after every mixing in both periods. Therefore, it was concluded that increasing temperature also saves the time which required for composting and high reduction of organics and water contents. The primary odorous compounds were ammonia, methyl mercaltan, dimethyl disulfide and trimethylamine. The concentration of the primary compounds and complex odor during the operation were higher than those on final day and most compounds did not exceed the allowable exhaust standard for odor. Also, it was found that optimal mixing time and control of high temperature are the most important parameters for odor control in ultra thermophilic aerobic composting.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2002.04a
• /
• pp.59-60
• /
• 2002

Edible films such as wax coatings, sugar and chocolate covers, and sausage casings, have been used in food applications for years$^{(1)}$ However, interest in edible films and biodegradable polymers has been renewed due to concerns about the environment, a need to reduce the quantity of disposable packaging, and demand by the consumer for higher quality food products. Edible films can function as secondary packaging materials to enhance food quality and reduce the amount of traditional packaging needed. For example, edible films can serve to enhance food quality by acting as moisture and gas barriers, thus, providing protection to a food product after the primary packaging is opened. Edible films are not meant to replace synthetic packaging materials; instead, they provide the potential as food packagings where traditional synthetic or biodegradable plastics cannot function. For instance, edible films can be used as convenient soluble pouches containing single-servings for products such as instant noodles and soup/seasoning combination. In the food industry, they can be used as ingredient delivery systems for delivering pre-measured ingredients during processing. Edible films also can provide the food processors with a variety of new opportunities for product development and processing. Depends on materials of edible films, they also can be sources of nutritional supplements. Especially, whey proteins have excellent amino acid balance while some edible films resources lack adequate amount of certain amino acids, for example, soy protein is low in methionine and wheat flour is low in lysine$^{(2)}$. Whey proteins have a surplus of the essential amino acid lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine. Thus, the idea of using whey protein-based films to individually pack cereal products, which often deficient in these amino acids, become very attractive$^{(3)}$. Whey is a by-product of cheese manufacturing and much of annual production is not utilized$^{(4)}$. Development of edible films from whey protein is one of the ways to recover whey from dairy industry waste. Whey proteins as raw materials of film production can be obtained at inexpensive cost. I hypothesize that it is possible to make whey protein-based edible films with improved moisture barrier properties without significantly altering other properties by producing whey protein/lipid emulsion films and these films will be suitable far food applications. The fellowing are the specific otjectives of this research: 1. Develop whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films and determine their microstructures, barrier (moisture and oxygen) and mechanical (tensile strength and elongation) properties. 2. Study the nature of interactions involved in the formation and stability of the films. 3. Investigate thermal properties, heat sealability, and sealing properties of the films. 4. Demonstrate suitability of their application in foods as packaging materials. Methodologies were developed to produce edible films from whey protein isolate (WPI) and concentrate (WPC), and film-forming procedure was optimized. Lipids, butter fat (BF) and candelilla wax (CW), were added into film-forming solutions to produce whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films. Significant reduction in water vapor and oxygen permeabilities of the films could be achieved upon addition of BF and CW. Mechanical properties were also influenced by the lipid type. Microstructures of the films accounted for the differences in their barrier and mechanical properties. Studies with bond-dissociating agents indicated that disulfide and hydrogen bonds, cooperatively, were the primary forces involved in the formation and stability of whey protein/lipid emulsion films. Contribution of hydrophobic interactions was secondary. Thermal properties of the films were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, and the results were used to optimize heat-sealing conditions for the films. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) was used to study the nature of the interfacial interaction of sealed films. All films were heat sealable and showed good seal strengths while the plasticizer type influenced optimum heat-sealing temperatures of the films, 130$^{\circ}$C for sorbitol-plasticized WPI films and 110$^{\circ}$C for glycerol-plasticized WPI films. ESCA spectra showed that the main interactions responsible for the heat-sealed joint of whey protein-based edible films were hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds involving C-0-H and N-C components. Finally, solubility in water, moisture contents, moisture sorption isotherms and sensory attributes (using a trained sensory panel) of the films were determined. Solubility was influenced primarily by the plasticizer in the films, and the higher the plasticizer content, the greater was the solubility of the films in water. Moisture contents of the films showed a strong relationship with moisture sorption isotherm properties of the films. Lower moisture content of the films resulted in lower equilibrium moisture contents at all aw levels. Sensory evaluation of the films revealed that no distinctive odor existed in WPI films. All films tested showed slight sweetness and adhesiveness. Films with lipids were scored as being opaque while films without lipids were scored to be clear. Whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films may be suitable for packaging of powder mix and should be suitable for packaging of non-hygroscopic foods$^{(5,6,7,8,)}$.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.15-32
• /
• 2011

Due to greenhouse gas increased by human activities, abnormal climate changes are continuously occurring everywhere in the world and internationally people make efforts to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas. Our country also is making endeavors to realize low carbon society on the foundation of the green growth and for this low carbon consumption pattern settlement through green life is necessary. Therefore for the nationals the offering of the information on greenhouse gas emission that is reduced through the change to low carbon life is required. In this study the objects are beef and wine whose weight of import is high among the beverages and foods consumed in the country and we calculated the food mileage and emission of carbon dioxide of the domestic and foreign product beef and wine and estimated the potential amount that can be reduced when replacing the imported products with domestic products. As the year 2007 being standard if we replace 10% of imported beef with domestic products it is possible to reduce 14,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year and on one day out of a year if we replace imported beef with domestic beef the reduction of 384 tons of carbon dioxide is appeared to be possible. In the same standard year if we replace 10% of imported wine with domestic product we can reduce 1,396 tons and on one day out of a year if we replace imported wine with domestic wine reduction of 38 tons of carbon per year appeared to be possible. Through active promotion and expansion of variety of domestic foods and beverages in the real life of the nationals the consumption pattern of natural low carbon life should be achieved and offering of more systematized greenhouse gas emission DB is thought to be necessary.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.89-98
• /
• 1994

A survey was carried out in Seoul Metropolitan area during December of 1993 and January of 1994. The objective of the survey was to provide a useful information for the development and improvement of recycling policies, regulations and systems in Korea. Of the 782 individuals contacted, 473 individuals completed and retured surveys, of which 437 were usable. The results were analyzed using a statistical package SAS(Statistical Analysis System). The results indicated that 86% of apartment area has recycling bins, while only 33% of individual house(detached dwelling) area has those. About half of the respondents felt that food waste is the major source of household waste. The most serious problem to recycle more household waste is to provide space to store recyclables at the source. The majority of Seoul Metropolitans(78.5%) are willing to participate in recycling programs, while 14.4% want to participate only when there are economic incentives or benefits. Respondents who want economic incentives appeared to be low income people. 66.1% of total respondents said that they do not use disposables. However, only 53,0% among respondents under 30 years old answered they do not use disposables. People who graduated from middle high school only and are under 30 years old have tendency to dispose of used milk cartons without rincing and drying, while those who are over 40 years old and graduated from university prefered to rinse and dry used milk cartons before disposal. Regarding disposal of newspapers, only 43.9% of the total respondents separated newspaper from other types of used paper. In the case of alumium cans, 22.5% of the total respondents answered that used aluminum cans are not recyclables. Much higher portion (30. 4%) of the respondents who graduated from middle high school only felt that aluminum cans have no value to recycle. The results indicated that education and information regarding recycling are highly desirable.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 2010

Yuza (Citrus junos Sieb ex TANAKA) is a citrus fruit that is cultivated in northeast Asia. Citron is known for containing abundant antioxidants such as vitamin C, flavonoids, for example hesperidin and hesperetin, and terpenoids such as limononin. When mature citron is processed for tea or other beverage food products in Korea, massive amounts of seeds and pericarp are remained as waste. This study aimed to exploit the processed remnant of Citron for developing functional cosmetic applications. Ethanol extracts of Yuza seed and pericarp did not show significant radical scavenging activities measured by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. But they contained significantly high phenolic compounds. Cultured human dermal fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes were irradiated with 25 mJ UVB and the citron extracts were added to the medium of each culture. Cellular damages caused by UVB irradiation were prevented by the addition of the Yuza extract. In addition, the reduction of the enhanced MMP-1 expression after irradiation of UVB in human dermal fibroblasts was observed. Also the increased level of pro-inflammtory TNF-$\alpha$ in the UVB irradiated HaCaT cells was decreased. The collagen expression was enhanced by the extract. Yuza extract markedly inhibited melanin production from $\alpha$-MSH treated B16F1 melanoma cells. Melanin assay, tyrosinase zymography results indicated that Yuza extract had strong depigmenting activity. In conclusion, Yuza ethanol extracts have good anti-photoaging and strong anti-melanogenic efficacies.