• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1981

For centuries, ginseng has been used for the therapeutic purpose in oriental herb medicine. Several studies have been conducted in the past to evaluate the effect of ginseng on erythropoiesis. However the results were controversial. We therefore attempted in the present studies to evaluate the effect of ginseng on the erythropoietic activity. In one series of experiments, the recovery pattern of peripheral blood(red cell count, hemoglobin content, hematocrit and reticulocyte count) was studied in posthemorrhagic anemic rabbits. After animals were maintained with normal(control group) or 1 gm% ginseng (experimental group) diet for 2 weeks, hemorrhagic anemia was induced by withdrawing blood equivalent to 25% of the total blood volume and then changes in peripheral blood were followed for following 30 days. In other series of experiments, we studied effect of ginseng on erythrokinetics using $^{59}Fe$. $^{59}Fe(10{\sim}40\;{\mu}Ci/animal)$ was injected intravenously after animals were fed with normal (control group) or 1 gm% ginseng(experimental group) diet for 2 weeks. And radioactivities in the blood compartments were measured at appropriate intervals for 15 days. Front these various erythrokinetic parameters were estimated. Results are summarized as follows: 1) Reticulocyte count was higher in the experimental group than in the control group after 2 weeks of administration of experimental diet. During the posthemorrhagic period, the reticulocyte count increased in both the control and experimental groups, but the increase appeared much earlier in the experimental group. 2) The posthemorrhagic recoveries of hematocrit, hemoglobin content and red cell count appeared to be faster in the experimental group as compaired with the control group. 3) The half life$(T_{1/2})$ of $^{59}Fe$ in the plasma was significantly(P<0.05) shorter in the experimental group(82.6 min, N=8) than in the control group(121 min, N=6). Plasma iron turnover (PIT) of the experimental group (1.78 mg/dl/24 hr.) was approximately 4 times greater than that of the control group(0.45 mg/dl/24 hr.). 4) The maximum red cell utilization(RC-U) was 82.1% in the experimental group ana 74.5% in the control group. Red cell iron turnover(RIT) of the experimental group(1.62 mg/dl/24 hr.) was slightly higher than that of the control group(0.35 mg/dl/24 hr). 5) Erythron turnover was significantly(p<0.05) greater in the experimental group(1.27 mg/dl/24 hr.) than in the control group(0.24 mg/dl/24 hr.). Marrow transit time of the experimental group(2.05 days) tended to he faster than that of the control group(2.84 days). These results suggest that the gingseng improves the recovery of posthemorrhagic anemia and stimulates the erythropoiesis in rabbits.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1220-1225
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• 2011

Anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in flooded rice fields produces methane ($CH_4$) gas, which escapes to the atmosphere primarily by transport through organs of the rice plants such as arenchyma etc., Although the annual amount of methane emitted from a given area is influenced by cultivation periods of rice and organic/inorganic amendments etc., soil type also affects methane emission from paddy soil during a rice cultivation. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of soil type on $CH_4$ emission in two paddy soils. One is a red-yellow soil classified as a Hwadong series (fine, mixed, mesic family of Aquic Hapludalfs), and the other is a gley soil classified as a Shinheung series (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aeric Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts). During a flooded periods, redox potentials of red-yellow soil were significantly higher than gley soil. $CH_4$ emission in red-yellow soil ($0.21kg\;ha^{-1}\;day^{-1}$) was lower than that in gley soil ($5.25kg\;ha^{-1}\;day^{-1}$). In the condition of different soil types, $CH_4$ emissions were mainly influenced by the content of total free metal oxides in paddy soil. The results strongly imply that iron- or manganese-oxides of well ordered crystalline forms in soil such as goethite and hematite influenced on a $CH_4$ emission, which is crucial role as a $CH_4$ oxidizers in paddy soil during a rice cultivation.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.109-121
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• 2013

Modern Hanbok uses newly different color coordination based on traditional color coordination and symbolic meaning. Thus, this study would investigate the aspects of color coordination and symbolic meaning and present the characteristics of Hanbok as the data of corresponding period in the modern times. In order to investigate recent trend of preferred colors and color coordination of Hanbok, this study focused on the period of 2005~2010. When analyzing colors of Jegori(jacket), Wh, Y, B, YG, P and Gy series are shown in order. For trends for color of Chima(skirt), Pk, R, P, Gy and Bk series are shown in order. When you look into the color coordination of skirt and jacket on whole, color coordination of Pk-Wh represents the highest frequency. Color coordinations of Pk-Y, Pk-B, R-Y, R-G and Pk-G are followed in order. Color coordinations of R-YG, Bk-Wh, O-Y, P-Wh, Pk-YG, Gy-Y, R-Wh series and Gy-Wh are followed in order. When looking into characteristics of overall color coordination of Hanbok, it was shown that there were many opportunities to meet a variety of culture and various colors had emerged depending on individual taste and skin color in the modern times within the framework of basic colors of woman's 'Nokeuihongsang'(Green upper garment and red skirt) R-G, Y series, which are traditionally inherited. In addition, unlike existing traditional color coordination of five elements in the past, P, Gy and Bk series of color appeared in the skirt and Jacket. It could be affected by fashionable drama and films at that time and newly attempted colors ahead of fashion were reflected on the magazine. Therefore, it implied that it naturally gave new awareness of colors to the general public and the width of selection of colors became diverse.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.581-588
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to propose a fine co-registration approach for multi-temporal satellite images acquired from RapidEye, which has an advantage of availability for time-series analysis. To this end, we generate multitemporal ortho-rectified images using RPCs (Rational Polynomial Coefficients) provided with RapidEye images and then perform fine co-registration between the ortho-rectified images. A DEM (Digital Elevation Model) extracted from the digital map was used to generate the ortho-rectified images, and the RNCC (Registration Noise Cross Correlation) was applied to conduct the fine co-registration. Experiments were carried out using 4 RapidEye 1B images obtained from May 2015 to November 2016 over the Yeonggwang area. All 5 bands (blue, green, red, red edge, and near-infrared) that RapidEye provided were used to carry out the fine co-registration to show their possibility of being applicable for the co-registration. Experimental results showed that all the bands of RapidEye images could be co-registered with each other and the geometric alignment between images was qualitatively/quantitatively improved. Especially, it was confirmed that stable registration results were obtained by using the red and red edge bands, irrespective of the seasonal differences in the image acquisition.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 1984

This study was conducted to examine the morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of the Bancheon, Gopyeong, Hwadong and Deogpyeong series derived from diluvium in Korea. The results were as follows. 1. The sequence of the Bancheon, Gopyeong, Hwadong and Deogpyeong series consists of the soil catena. Thus, the Bancheon and Gopyeong series are weil drained, the Hwadong and Deogpyeong series moderately well drained due to the influence of topography and irrigation water. 2. The surface soils of the Bancheon and Gopyeong series are yellowish red, dark yellowish brown fine silty texture and the subsoils are yellowish red, red and strong brown fine clayey with moderate to strong angular blocky or subangular blocky structure with clayey cutans on the structural face. The surface soils of the Hwadong and Deogpyeong series are dark grayish brown, grayish brown fine silty texture and the subsoils are strong brown, light olive brown and brownish yellow fine silty or fine clayey with moderate to strong prismatic, angular blocky or subangular blocky structure with clayey cutans on the structural face. The consistences of all the subsoil horizons are extremely compact and hard, whereas sticky and plastic when wet. 3. The lower the topography, the higher the silt/clay ratio, soil reaction, organic matter, available water and phosphate content but the higher the topography, the higher the active iron content. 4. These soils are classified as Hapludalfs by Soil Taxonomy in U.S.D.A. 5. These soils must be applied with much lime, phosphate and compost to improve the soil fertility.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.31 no.6_2
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• pp.529-538
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• 2013

Coastline is the most dynamic part of seascape since its shape is affected by various factors. Coastal zone is an area with immense geological, geomorphological and ecological interest. Monitoring coastal change is very important for safe navigation, coastal resource management. This paper shows a result of monitoring coastal morphological changes using Remote Sensing and GIS. Study was carried out to obtain intensity of erosion, deposition and sand bar movement in the Red River Delta. Satellite images of ALOS/AVNIR-2 and Landsat were used for the monitoring of coastal morphological changes over the period of 1975 to 2009. Band rationing and threshold technique was used for the coastline extraction. Tidal levels at the time of image acquisition varied from -0.89m to 2.87m. Therefore, coastline from another image at a different tidal level in the same year was considered to get the corrected coastline by interpolation technique. A series of points were generated along the coastal line from 1975 image and were established as reference points to see the change in later periods. The changes were measured in Euclidean distances from these reference points. Positive values represented deposition to the sea and negative values are erosion. The result showed that the Red river delta area expanded to the sea 3500m in Red river mouth, and 2873m in Thai Binh river mouth from 1975 to 2009. The erosion process occurred continuously from 1975 up to now with the average magnitude 23.77m/year from 1975 to 1989 and 7.85m/year from 2001 to 2009 in Giao Thuy area. From 1975 to 2009, total 1095.2ha of settlement area was eroded by sea. On the other hand, land expanded to the sea in 4786.24ha of mangrove and 1673.98ha of aquaculture.

• ALGAE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.205-217
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• 2016

Freshwater red tides due to dinoflagellates have caused spectacular and regular “summer reddening” in recent years in Baishihai Lake, a temperate, meromictic, meso- or oligotrophic, high-altitude, landslide-dammed, deep lake located at the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau in China. Based on morphological and molecular analyses, the causative organism has been identified as a new woloszynskioid dinoflagellate, Tovellia diexiensis Q. Zhang et G. X. Liu sp. nov. The vegetative cells are 20-32 μm long and 16-24 μm wide. They have a hemispherical episome and a broadly rounded hyposome with a short characteristic antapical spine. Usually cells are bright red due to the presence of numerous red-pigmented bodies, which often masked the yellowish green discoid chloroplasts. The amphiesma of motile cells comprise mainly quadrilateral, pentagonal or hexagonal thin plates, arranged in 4-5 latitudinal series on the episome, 1 in the cingulum and 4 on the hyposome. Molecular phylogenies based on small subunit ribosomal DNA and large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU) indicate T. diexiensis from Baishihai Lake to belong to the family Tovelliaceae, which was monophyletic in our LSU phylogenies. During the bloom-forming period in 2005, cell density of T. diexiensis reached 9.15 × 10⁵ cells L⁻¹. Astaxanthin and its diester were found to be the major pigments in T. diexiensis, resulting in a characteristic blood-red color of the water in Baishihai Lake.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.104-113
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• 2017

Anthocyanins contained in Rhododendron schlippenbachii (royal azalea) are expressed in a variety of colors and affect flower colors. R. schlippenbachii flowers of seven colors (white, red group: pink, deep pink, red, purple group: light purple, purple, deep purple) were collected from the garden around KT&G building in the college of agriculture and life science. Seven types of anthocyanins [cyanidin 3-O-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside-5-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, peonidin 3-O-arabinoside-5-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-(6"-O-malonyl) arabinoside, cyanidin 3-O-(6"-O-coumaroyl) glucoside] turned out to be from the cyanidin and peonidin series in R. schlippenbachii flowers. Also, seven types of flavonols [azaleatin 3-O-glucoside, azaleatin 3-O-arabinoside, azaleatin 3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-galacatoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-arabinoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside] were identified in R. schlippenbachii flowers. Total anthocyanin amounts decreased in R. schlippenbachii flowers in the following order: 'deep pink' (8.07) > 'red' (6.37) > 'pink' (5.35) > 'deep purple' (0.78) > 'purple' (0.43) > 'light purple' ($0.22mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry weight, DW) > 'white' (not detected). Total flavonol amounts decreased in the following order: 'pink' (97.78) > 'deep pink' (63.79) > 'deep purple' (61.98) > 'white' (57.58) > 'light purple' (47.06) > 'purple' (46.76) > 'red' ($7.60mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ dry weight, DW). This study provided the quantitative and qualitative information for the variation of anthocyanin and flavonol compounds in R. schlippenbachii flowers. Furthermore, this information can contribute to the identification of anthocyanin and flavonol compounds in other Rhododendron flowers.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.424-455
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• 2002

Diabetes mellitus is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. The insufficiency of medication to cope with this burden has coincided with a dramatic rise in the prevalence of use of complementary and alternative therapies, especially herbal treatments. This surge in demand presents a challenge to prove the safety and efficacy of these treatments in diabetes. Korean red ginseng (steam treated Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a strong candidate to succeed. It has been shown to possess a multitude of hypoglycemic effects and improve metabolic disturbances related to diabetes in in vitro and animal models. Data in humans is also emerging to support these benefits. Whether these results can be replicated in a rigorous clinical testing program is unclear. We therefore investigated the antidiabetic effects of Korean red ginseng in a series of 2 acute and 1 longterm randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trials. This paper provides the rationale for this program of study, expanding on the problem of diabetes, its management, and the possible role for Korean red ginseng. It then describes the design and expected findings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.429-439
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• 2000

Various wastewater treatment technologies were applied for decolorization and disposal of the wastewater containing the pigments, which consist of Lake Red C(Barium) or/and Lithol Rubine(Calcium) pigments. In an application of ozonation $COD_{Mn}$ was generally decreased with an increase of amounts of ozone applied, however, the decolorization effect was not that good except for Lithol Rubine series. In an application of Fenton oxidation and electrochemical process, a good $COD_{Mn}$ removal effect for all the pigment wastewater and a slight decolorization effect for a part of Lithol Rubine series were observed. In an application of ultra filtration(UF) and reverse osmosis(RO), an excellent $COD_{Mn}$ removal and decolorization(almost 100%) effects of all the pigment wastewater were observed. Thus the water treated by the UF and RO could be reusable and thus save operating costs of the pigment manufacturing plants.