• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.751-761
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• 2016

홍삼추출물(RGE)의 쓴맛을 개선하기 위해서 증숙시 초산 처리 후 ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-, ${\gamma}$-CD을 이용해서 RGE의 포접화합물을 제조하여, 전자혀 분석을 통해서 RGE-${\gamma}$-CD에 의한 쓴맛 개선효과가 가장 큰 것으로 확인하였다. 인삼의 열처리 공정에 있어 초산 처리는 $Rg_3$ 및 비극성 진세노사이드 성분 함량을 증가시킴을 알 수 있었다. 전자혀를 이용하여 ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$-CD 첨가량에 따른 쓴맛, 신맛, 짠맛, 우아미맛 및 단맛을 분석하였다. 그 결과 RGE 대비 10%의 ${\gamma}$-CD를 첨가하여 포접한 REG가 다른 처리구에 비해 쓴맛이 월등히 낮은 감응도를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.105-115
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• 2015

Background: Alcoholic steatosis is the earliest and most common liver disease, and may precede the onset of more severe forms of liver injury. Methods: The effect of Korean Red Ginseng extract (RGE) was tested in two murine models of ethanol (EtOH)-feeding and EtOH-treated hepatocytes. Results: Blood biochemistry analysis demonstrated that RGE treatment improved liver function. Histopathology and measurement of hepatic triglyceride content verified the ability of RGE to inhibit fat accumulation. Consistent with this, RGE administration downregulated hepatic lipogenic gene induction and restored hepatic lipolytic gene repression by EtOH. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver diseases is well established. Treatment with RGE attenuated EtOH-induced cytochrome P450 2E1, 4-hydroxynonenal, and nitrotyrosine levels. Alcohol consumption also decreased phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, which was restored by RGE. Moreover, RGE markedly inhibited fat accumulation in EtOH-treated hepatocytes, which correlated with a decrease in sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and a commensurate increase in sirtuin 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a expression. Interestingly, the ginsenosides Rb2 and Rd, but not Rb1, significantly inhibited fat accumulation in hepatocytes. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that RGE and its ginsenoside components inhibit alcoholic steatosis and liver injury by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/sirtuin 1 activation both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that RGE may have a potential to treat alcoholic liver disease.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.158-163
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• 2015

본 연구에서, 우리는 S. mutans Ag I/II 재조합단백질에 의해 유도되어진 염증유발 단백질의 발현에 홍삼 40% 에탄올 추출물의 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 홍삼에탄올추출물은 Ag I/II 재조합단백질에 의해 유도되어진 염증유발물질들의 mRNA와 단백질의 발현을 억제하였다. 더불어 홍삼에탄올 추출물은 NF-κΒ p65가 핵내로 이용하는 것이 억제하였다. 결론적으로 홍삼 40%에탄올추출물은 NF-κB의 활성에 의해 NO 생성과 iNOS 발현이 조절되어지는 것으로 생각되어지며, 염증유발 관련 유전자들의 낮은 발현을 유도하는 것으로 관찰되어졌다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2012

The current inquiry was conducted to assess the change in sleep architecture after long periods of administration to determine whether ginseng can be used in the therapy of sleeplessness. Following post-surgical recovery, red ginseng extract (RGE, 200 mg/kg) was orally administrated to rats for 9 d. Data were gathered on the 1st, 5th, and 9th day, and an electroencephalogram was recorded 24 h after RGE administration. Polygraphic signs of unobstructed sleep-wake activities were simultaneously recorded with sleep-wake recording electrodes from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. for 6 h. Rodents were generally tamed to freely moving polygraphic recording conditions. Although the 1st and 5th day of RGE treatment showed no effect on power densities in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the 9th day of RGE administration showed augmented ${\alpha}$-wave (8.0 to 13.0 Hz) power densities in NREM and REM sleep. RGE increased total sleep and NREM sleep. The total percentage of wakefulness was only decreased on the 9th day, and the number of sleep-wake cycles was reduced after the repeated administration of RGE. Thus, the repeated administration of RGE increased NREM sleep in rats. The ${\alpha}$-wave activities in the cortical electroencephalograms were increased in sleep architecture by RGE. Moreover, the levels of both ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits of the ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid $(GABA)_A$ receptor were reduced in the hypothalamus of the RGE-treated groups. The level of glutamic acid decarboxylase was over-expressed in the hypothalamus. These results demonstrate that RGE increases NREM sleep via $GABA_A$ergic systems.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2019

Background: In colorectal cancer (CRC), 40-60% of patients develop metastasis. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a pivotal and intricate process that increases the metastatic potential of CRC. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Korean Red Ginseng extract (RGE) on colorectal metastasis through inhibition of EMT and the metastatic abilities of CRC cells. Methods: To investigate the effect of RGE on the metastatic phenotypes of CRC cells, CT26 and HT29 cells were evaluated by using an adhesion assay, a wound-healing assay, an invasion assay, zymography, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Western-blot analysis was conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of RGE, which showed an inhibitory effect on the transforming growth factor-${\beta}1$ ($TGF-{\beta}1$)-induced EMT in HT29 cells. Additionally, the antimetastatic effect of RGE was evaluated in a mouse model of lung metastasis injected with CT26 cells. Results: RGE decreased the adhesion and migration ability of the CT26 cells and TGF-${\beta}1$-treated HT29 cells. The invasion ability was also reduced by RGE treatment through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and activity. Moreover, RGE suppressed the TGF-${\beta}1$-induced EMT via TGF-${\beta}1$/Smad-signaling-mediated Snail/E-cadherin expression in HT29 cells and lung tissue in CT26 tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that RGE inhibited colorectal lung metastasis through a reduction in metastatic phenotypes, such as migration, invasion, and the EMT of CRC cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.387-395
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• 2022

Background: Fermentation may alter the bioavailability of certain compounds, which may affect their efficacy and pharmacological responses. This study investigated the antiplatelet effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) and fermented red ginseng extract (FRG). Methods: A rodent model was used to evaluate the antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of the extracts. Rats were orally fed with human equivalent doses of the extracts for 1 week and examined for various signaling pathways using standard in vivo and ex vivo techniques. Light transmission aggregometry was performed, and calcium mobilization, dense granule secretion, integrin α_IIbβ₃-mediated signaling molecules, cyclic nucleotide signaling events, and various protein molecules were evaluated ex vivo in collagen-stimulated washed platelets. Furthermore, antithrombotic properties were evaluated using a standard acute pulmonary thromboembolism model, and the effects on hemostasis were investigated using rat and mice models. Results: Both RGE and FRG significantly inhibited platelet aggregation, calcium mobilization, and dense granule secretion along with integrin-mediated fibrinogen binding and fibrinogen adhesion. cAMP levels were found to be elevated in RGE-treated rat platelets. Ginseng extracts did not exert any effect on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. RGE-treated mice showed significantly better survival under thrombosis than FRG-treated mice, with no effects on hemostasis, whereas FRG-treated mice exhibited a slight increment in bleeding time. Conclusion: Both extracts, especially RGE, are remarkable supplements to maintain cardiovascular health and are potential candidates for the treatment and prevention of platelet-related cardiovascular disorders.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.283-288
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• 1997

1% linoleic acid를 함유하는 수용성 완충용액과 LDL(low-density lipoprotein, 1 mg protein/ml)을 함유하는 수용성 완충용액 각각에 $H_2O_2$와 $FeCl_2$를 가하여 유발된 산화과정 중 한국산 홍삼 extract(red ginseng extract; RGE)에 대한 산화방지활성을 비교물질로 ${\alpha}-tocopherol$을 사용하여, HPLC를 이용한 MDA(malondialdehyde) 정량법과 fluorometry를 이용하여 측정 비교하였다. LDL(0.25 mg protein/ml)에서 생성된 conjugated diene도 spectrometry로 측정하였다. Linoleic acid를 기질로 사용한 경우, MDA 생성량으로 비교한 산화방지효과에 있어서 1000 ppm RGE의 첨가로 71.8%의 우수한 산화저해율이 나타났으며, 이때 비교물질로 사용한 100 ppm ${\alpha}-tocopherol$의 경우에는 76.1%이었다. LDL(1 mg/ml)을 기질로 사용하였을 경우에는 RGE 200 ppm 첨가시 가장 우수한 항산화효과가 나타났으며, 이때의 산화저해율은 25.2%이었고, 100 ppm ${\alpha}-tocopherol$의 경우는 21.2%이었다. 또한 LDL(0.25 mg protein/ml)을 기질로 사용하여 생성된 c-diene을 측정한 경우에도 50 ppm RGE의 첨가로 44.2% 저해효과가 입증되었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.658-666
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• 2016

본 연구는 홍삼박 물추출물(RGW), 에탄올추출물(RGE), 1,3-B.G추출물(RGB)을 HPLC로 성분 분석과 B16F10에 대한 세포생존율, 항산화능 및 주름개선 효능 평가를 실시하여 홍삼박 추출물의 화장품 소재로서의 응용가능성을 알아보았다. 추출물의 HPLC 성분 분석 결과, 세 가지 추출물 모두 다양한 종류의 진세노사이드가 검출되었으며 그 중 RGB가 가장 많은 함량의 진세노사이드가 검출되었다. B16F10의 세포생존율 측정 결과, RGW와 RGB가 유사하며, RGE보다 높은 생존율을 보여주었다. DPPH radical 소거능 측정 결과 RGE>RGB>RGW 순으로 나타났으며 SOD유사활성능 측정 결과는 RGB>RGE>RGW순으로 활성능을 보여주었다. Elastase 저해능 측정 결과에서는 RGW>RGB>RGE 순으로 활성을 보였다. 위와 같은 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 피부안전성이 우수하며 항산화 및 주름개선 화장품소재로서 RGW와 RGB가 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2021

Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-known traditional medicine, with numerous biological functions in the body. Portulaca oleracea (P. ole) belongs to the Portulacaceae family and has bioactive potential as a traditional medicine. This study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) and P. ole extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The combination of RGE (50 ㎍/mL) and P. ole (6.25 ㎍/mL) extracts significantly suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide synthesis. The expression of proinflammatory mediators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, were markedly decreased by the combined treatment with RGE (50 ㎍/mL) and P. ole (6.25 ㎍/mL). Moreover, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression levels were also significantly reduced in the combined treatment compared to the LPS-stimulated group. In addition, the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-B was suppressed by the treatment with RGE and P. ole. Moreover, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was also partially inhibited by the combination treatment with RGE and P. ole. Our results demonstrate that the treatment mixture with RGE and P. ole could be used as functional food and therapeutic herbal medicine in various inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.429-439
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• 2023

Background: The incidence and clinical importance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged. However, effective therapeutic strategies for NAFLD have yet to be found. Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) is a traditional herb in Eastern Asia with therapeutic effects in many chronic disorders. However, the precise effects of ginseng extract on NAFLD are currently unknown. In present study, the therapeutic effects of Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract (Rg3-RGE) on the progression of NAFLD were explored. Methods: Twelve-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed a chow or western diet supplemented with high sugar water solution with or without Rg3-RGE. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, serum biochemistry, western blot analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR were used for in vivo experiment. Conditionally immortalized human glomerular endothelial cell (CiGEnC) and primary liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) were used for in vitro experiments. Results: Eight weeks of Rg3-RGE treatment significantly attenuated the inflammatory lesions of NAFLD. Furthermore, Rg3-RGE inhibited the inflammatory infiltrate in liver parenchyma and the expression of adhesive molecules to LSECs. Moreover, the Rg3-RGE exhibited similar patterns on the in vitro assays. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that Rg3-RGE treatment ameliorates NAFLD progression by inhibiting chemotaxis activities in LSECs.