• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.91-94
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• 2004

To develop a poloxamer-based solid suppository with poloxamer mixtures, the melting points of various formulations composed of P 124 and P 188 were investigated. To investigate the effect of poloxamer to the dissolution ad dissolution mechanism of diclofenac sodium from the suppository the dissolution of diclofenac sodium delivered by the poloxamer-based suppository was performed. Furthermore, to investigate the mucoadhesive property of the poloxamer-based sold suppository, the identification test in the rectum was carried out after its rectal administration in rats. The poloxamer mixtures composed of P 124 and P 188 were homogeneous. Ver small amounts of P 188 affected the melting points of poloxamer mixtures. In particular, the poloxamer mixture [P 124/P 188 (97/3%)] with the melting point of about $32^{\circ}C$ was a sold for at room temperature and instantly melted at physiological temperature. Furthermore, very small amounts of P 188 in the poloxamer-based suppository hardly affected the dissolution rates of diclofenac sodium from the suppository. Dissolution mechanism analysis showed the dissolution of diclofenac sodium was proportional to the time. At 4 h after administration, the blue colo of poloxamer-based suppository [diclofenac sodium/poloxamer mixture (2.5/97.5%)] with the P 124/ P 188 ratio of (97/3%) and blue lake in the rectum was faded. However, the position of suppository in the rectum did not significantly change with time. Thus, it retained in thε rectum for at least 4 h. Our results indicated that the poloxamer-based sold suppository with P 124 and P 188 would be a candidate of rectal dosage form for diclofenac sodium.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.782-791
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of multiple cooling systems and different drinking water temperatures (DWT) on the performance of sows and their hair cortisol levels during heat stress. In this study, the effect of four different cooling systems: air conditioner (AC), cooling pad (CP), snout cooling (SC), and mist spray (MS), and two DWT, namely low water temperature (LWT) and high water temperature (HWT) on 48 multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; 242.84 ± 2.89 kg) was tested. The experiment is based on the use of eight replicas during a 21-days test. Different behaviors were recorded under different cooling treatments in sows. As a result, behaviors such as drinking, standing, and position change were found to be lower in sows under the AC and CP treatments than in those under the SC and MS treatments. Lying behavior increased under the AC and CP systems as compared with that under the SC and MS, systems. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) in sows and weight at weaning in piglets was higher under the AC, CP, and LWT treatments than under the SC, MS and HWT treatments. Sows subjected to SC and MS treatment showed higher hair cortisol levels, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate during lactation than those under AC and CP treatments. Hair cortisol levels, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate were also higher under the HWT than under the LWT treatment. As per the results of this study, the LWT has no significant effect on any of the behavioral factors. Taken together, the use of AC and CP cooling treatment is highly recommended to improve the behavior and to reduce the stress levels in lactating sows.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.265-274
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• 2001

목적 : 방사선 직장염은 골반부위에 방사선치료를 받는 환자에서 나타나는 급성부작용 중의 하나이다. 이러한 방사선 직장염은 병리학적으로 염증성 대장질환과 유사한 소견을 보인다. 따라서 염증성 대장질환의 유발인자로서 최근 활발하게 연구되고 있는 nitric oxide (NO)의 과다생성이 방사선 직장염을 유발하는 주요 원인일 수도 있다. 이를 검증하기 위하여 본 연구자들은 적절한 방사선 직장염 동물모델을 확립하고 이 모델에서 NO의 과다생성과 직장점막의 손상 정도의 상호 관련성을 연구하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 암컷 백서(Wistar)의 직장에 $10\~30\;Gy$의 다양한 선량의 방사선을 조사하였다. 방사선조사 후 5일 및 10일째에 직장조직을 얻어 점막의 형태학적 변화를 육안적으로 및 조직학적으로 관찰하였다. 방사선에 의한 손상에 대한 NO의 과다 생성이 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 iNOS의 발현과 nitrite 측정을 시행하였고 iNOS의 억제제 및 기질을 경구투여한 후 점막 손상의 변화를 형태학적 및 생화학적으로 관찰하였다. 결과 : 육안적으로나 조직학적으로 17.5 Gy 이상의 선량에서는 직장 점막에 명백한 손상이 발생하였으나 15 Gy 이하에서는 일부 검체에서만 경미한 정도의 변화를 나타냈다. 20 Gy 이상의 방사선을 조사한 후에는 검체 대부분에서 등급 4의 조직학적 변화를 보였기 때문에 임상에서 흔히 경험하는 방사선 직장염을 재현할 수 있는 가장 적절한 일회 방사선조사량으로 17.5 Gy를 선택하였다. 직장 점막의 조직학적 손상정도가 방사선량 및 iNOS의 과발현과 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 그러나 iNOS의 기질 및 억제제의 경구투여시 iNOS 발현양상, NO 생성 뫼 조직 손상 정도의 차이는 없었다. 결론 : 임상에 적용할 수 있는 방사선 직장염 연구를 위한 동물모델로서 적절한 일회 방사선조사량은 17.5 Gy임을 확인하였다. 또한 덜 연구결과는 NO의 과다생성이 방사선에 의한 염증 및 손상 정도와는 연관성을 가지나 직접적인 원인이 아님을 시사하고 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1341-1347
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• 2002

An experiment was conducted to determine effects of oral administration of $Diakur^{TM}$ (an additive of glucose and electrolytes for young calves) on growth performance and some physiological responses in male broilers reared in a high temperature. A 2 by 3 factorial arrangement test of 2 temperatures (24 and $36^{\circ}C$) and 3 levels of oral administration of the glucose and electrolytes additive, $Diakur^{TM}$, (0, 150 and 300 mg/day/100 gBW) were applied in the experiment. Male broiler chicks (2 weeks of age) were assigned to six groups and received dietary and temperature treatments for 7 days. The additive of glucose and electrolytes was suspended with water and intubated into crop twice a day (08:00 and 17:00). Oral administration of the additive prevented decreases in food intake and growth rates in broilers due to exposure of the hot environment. Oral administration of the additive also improved a lowered electrolyte ($Na^+$ + $K^+$ - $Cl^-$) balance in plasma, low mitogenic response of blood mononuclear cell and an increase in glucose concentration due to exposure to the high environmental temperature. Oral administration of the additive increased rectal temperature regardless of environmental temperatures. On the other hand, blood pH, $pCO_2$ and $HCO_3$ - concentration, and plasma creatine kinase activity were not affected by the oral administration. The results suggested that oral administration of the glucose and electrolytes additive, $Diakur^{TM}$ during heat stress did not only prevent decrease in growth performance, but also normalized some physiological and immunological responses in male broilers.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.168-186
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• 1979

Three hundred gram of Korean ginseng root was extracted with 95% ethanol on a boiling water bath for about 300 hr. Evaporation of alcohol yieled 50.2g of dark brown residue which was used by dissolving 4 mg of the residue in 1 ml of physiological saline. The ginseng group and the saline group received each day 0.5 ml per 100 g body weight of ginseng extract and physiological saline, respectively. Both the ginseng and saline group with stress were exposed to positive radial acceleration (1∼29g), cold (5$^{\circ}C$, 0$^{\circ}C$ &-10$^{\circ}C$) and heat (35$^{\circ}C$) environment, and surgical stress. After termination of the last stress, the tolerance, body weight, visceral organ weight, basal metabolism rate, rectal temperature, the number of erythrocyte and leucocyte, hemoglobin level, hematocrit ratio, total serum protein content and it's fraction and the content of adrenal ascorbic acid in the experimental animal exposed to stress were measured and at the corresponding periods, the same measurements were also carried out with the ginseng and the saline groups without stress exposure (serving as control). Results obtained were as follows. 1. Administration of ginseng does depressed the decrease of the tolerance, body weight, visceral organ weight, basal metabolism rate, the number of erythrocyte, hemoglobin value, hematocrit ratio and the A/G ratio in the mice and rats exposed to various stress. 2. The change of the rectal temperature, eosinophile counts, total serum protein content and the content of adrenal ascorbic acid of ginseng group that exposured to various stress facilitates the reaction to, and accelerates the recovery from the stress. 3. Even after hypophysectomy which served the link between the central and the peripheral portion of the stress mechanism, the adrenal ascorbic acid content of ginseng group decreased significantly more than that of the saline group 30 min. after administration of ACTH, while the value approached the normal level significantly closer in the ginseng group than in the saline group 1 and 2 hr after ACTH administration. Judging from the above results, it is concluded that administration of ginseng extract tolerated the experimental animals under the environment of stressfu1 stmuli, although the ginseng has no significant influence upon the stress mechanism in the absence of stressful stimuli. The site of action of the ginseng appears to be in the peripheral portion of the stress mechanism.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.95-107
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to search for more effective administraion route of herbal medicine. Methods : Pharmacokinetic issues with the methods in experimental papers, which deal with finding the effectiveness of two or more administration routes of herbal medicine, searched from KERIS, KSI, KISTI and KTKP, have been analyzed by, first, categorizing the papers and comparing the validity of administration routes. Results and Conclusions : 1. Upon comparing in total of 24 papers on the basis of each administration route, per oral(PO)-herbal acupuncture(HA) was most superior in terms of number in that there were 13 cases and PO-per rectal(PR) was next superior in that there were 5 cases. PO-per dermal(PD)-inhalation therapy(IT), PO-IT and PO-PR-HA had 3, 2 and 1 cases respectively. 2. Out of the total 24 papers which compares different administration routes, 16 of them were pharmacokinetically appropriate, whereas, the remaining 8 were pharmacokinetically inappropriate. 3. Comparisons were made between PO-HA, PO-PR, PO-IT, PO-PD-IT and PO-PR-HA routes. However, none of them was not particularly effective regardless of the administered medicine or target organ. 4. No route was particularly effective against a particular drug target as a result of comparing damaged liver, asthma, endometriosis and anti-inflammation. 5. In the case of Injinhotang in medicine comparison, HA tended to be more associated with hepatotoxicity over PO. However, Cordyceps Militaris Mycelia, Gagamsohaphyangwon and Hongdeungtang showed no prominent effective administration route.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.388-397
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• 1999

목적: Propranolol은 비선택적 ${\beta}$ 차단제로 문맥 혈류를 감소시켜 문맥압을 감소시킨다. 이러한 propranolol의 치료에 따른 문맥압 감소 반응정도를 약물투여 전후에 경직장 문맥 신티그라피로 평가하였다. 대상 및 방법: 간경변증 51명과 만성 간염 10명 및 정상 10명을 대상으로 하였고, propranolol 투여의 금기가 없는 38명에서는 propranolol 투여 후 일주일 후 경직장 문맥 신티그라피를 시행하였다. 경직장 문맥 신티그라피는 Tc-99m pertechnetate 370 MBq을 경직장으로 투여한 다음 동적 영상을 얻었고, 30초 동안의 심장과 간의 방사능의 합에 대한 심장의 방사능의 합으로 단락지수를 구하였다. 결과 정상 대조군과 만성 간염 환자군은 모두 pattern I의 유형을 보이고, 간경변증은 10명에서는 pattern 1,40 명에서는 pattern II의 유형을 보였으며, Propranolol 투여 후 맥박수는 투여 전에 비하여 의미 있게 감소하였다. 정상 대조군, 만성 간염, 간경변증으로 나누어 단락지수를 비교한 것은 각각 $5.0{\pm}1.2%$, $11.4{\pm}3.5%$, $59.8{\pm}27.2%$로 정상과 만성 간염 간에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 간경변증은 정상 및 만성 간염에 비하여 유의한 증가를 보였다(p<0.05). 간경변증 환자에서 propranolol 투여 후의 단락지수는 $46.9{\pm}20.9%$로, 투여 전의 단락지수 $55.6{\pm}29.6%$에 비하여 유의한 감소를 보였으나(p<0.05), Child씨 분류법 및 식도 정맥류 정도에 따른 각 군간의 단락지수의 변화정도는 의미 있는 차이가 없었다. 결론: 경직장 문맥 신티그라피를 이용한 단락지수는 간질환의 진행에 따른 문맥압의 정도를 반영하며, Propranolol 투여 후에는 단락 지수가 감소하였다. 경직장 문맥 신티그라피는 비침습적인 방법으로서, 문맥압을 평가하고, propranolol의 효과를 평가할 수 있는 방법으로 유용하게 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2019

본 연구는 고온기 여름철 사육환경에서의 홀스타인종 젖소의 반추위내 미생물 균총 변화를 분석하고, 반추위내 미생물과 고온 스트레스간의 연관성을 규명하고자 수행하였다. 국립축산과학원 낙농과에서 사육 중인 홀스타인 젖소 10두의 반추위액을 채취하였으며, 채취한 시료 샘플은 PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit (Cat. No. 12888, MO BIO)를 이용하여 DNA를 추출한 후 Illumina HiSeq^TM platform (Illumina, CA, USA)을 이용하여 미생물 균총 분석을 실시하였다. 반추위액 내 미생물 균총을 분석한 결과, 사육환경 온습도에 따른 미생물 군집 구성에는 큰 차이는 없었으나, 미생물의 상대적 함량에는 차이가 있었다. LEfSe 분석을 통해 적온과 고온 환경에서 특정 미생물들의 상대적 조성이 유의적으로 증가함을 확인하였다. 이들 결과를 볼 때, 반추위내 미생물 균총은 고온과 같은 외부 환경변화에 영향을 받는 것으로 판단되어 젖소의 고온스트레스 반응에 있어 반추위 미생물 변화가 중요한 역할을 담당할 것으로 사료된다. 추후 연구는 이러한 차이를 나타내는 미생물들의 대사 경로나 대사 물질에 분석을 통해 환경변화와 미생물간의 연관성 및 이러한 미생물 균총 조절을 통한 고온기 젖소의 적응성 향상을 위한 미생물학적 전략 연구가가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.19-23
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• 2013

This study was carried out to evaluate the diagnosis of acute clinical mastitis (ACM) which was based on the vital signs and complete blood count (CBC) tests in dairy cows. Twenty eight dairy cows diagnosed with ACM, were selected for the study between Jan 2003 and July 2006 in the National Institute of Animal Science. Based on their vital signs (rectal temperature, depression, rumen contraction and, dehydration status), ACM was divided into three different classes; mild, moderate and severe forms. In addition, ACM cows were subjected to CBC tests for further diagnosis of ACM. Of the 27 dairy cows diagnosed with ACM, 3 cows were determined to have a mild form, while moderate and sever forms were each observed in twelve cows. Among of them, 4 cows died, 5 cows were culled and 18 cows were recovered. In the mild form, all haematological parameters were comparable with normal values. However, leukopenia, due to neutropenia and lymphocytopenia, appeared characteristically in the moderate and severe forms. Using the observation of vital signs in conjunction with CBC tests, the diagnosis of ACM is more accurate, and is helpful in making decisions of whether treatment or culling of dairy cows infected with ACM is most appropriate.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.904-918
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cooling systems on reproductive performance, body temperature, blood metabolites, and the intestinal microbiome in early gestating sows exposed to high ambient temperature. In total, 39 pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; 2 parities) were randomly assigned to and maintained in the following three treatment groups (13 sows per group) over days 0 to 35 of pregnancy: (i) air cooling (AC; 26.87 ± 1.23℃), (ii) water-drip cooling (WC; 28.81 ± 0.91℃), and (iii) a lack of cooling with heat stress (HS; 30.72 ± 0.70℃). Backfat thickness was measured before and after HS. Feces were collected on day 0 and 35 d of the trial for microbiome analysis, whereas blood was taken at day 35 of pregnancy and analyzed. Reproductive performance and physiological responses were identified at day 35. Respiration rate along with rectal and skin temperatures were lower (p < 0.05) in the AC group than in the HS and WC groups. Serum blood urea nitrogen values were increased (p < 0.05) in the WC group compared with those measured in the AC and HS groups. Triiodothyronine was found at greater levels (p < 0.05) in the AC than in the HS group. Reproductive performance was not affected by the cooling systems. At the phylum level, fecal pathogenic Spirochaete and Euryarchaeota were found in higher numbers (p < 0.05) in all groups after HS. Similarly, at the genus level, the amount of Treponema was greater (p < 0.05) in all groups after HS. In conclusion, our results suggest that AC or WC can ameliorate or mitigate the adverse effects of HS on the physiological parameters of pregnant sows reared under high temperatures.