• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the effect of mandibular midline shift and difference of mandibular height between both sides on the electromyo- graphic(EMG) activity of the masticatory muscles on clenching or gum chewing movement. For this study, 105 patients with temporomandibular disorders(TMD) were selected and panoramic radiograph were taken. Amount and side of the midline shift and height of the mandible from antegonial notch to the top of the condylar head were measured on panoramic view. $BioEMG^{(R)}$ (Bioresearch Inc., Milwaukee, USA) was used for recording of EMG activity(${\mu}V$) of the anterior temporalis and the superficial masseter on clenching or gum chewing movement. EMG activity on clenching during 533msec period were measured for activity of the starting point and the one second-after activity as the early EMG and the maximum EMG, respectively. EMG activity on gum chewing movement were measured for activity of the first and the second chewing stroke. The data collected were analysed by SPSS windows program, and the results of this study were as follows : 1. Height of the mandible was 8.06cm on right side and 8.03cm on left side, and showed no difference by age, but significantly differed by sex with higher in male subjects. 2. Mean value of the midline shift was 0.1mm with range of 0~5mm on both sides. The amount and side of the midline shift did not related with height difference of the mandible and/or the EMG activity of the masticatory muscles on clenching. 3. Prevalence of higher right side and higher left side of the mandible were almost same, and the EMG activity of higher side was not higher than that of the other side. 4. In the subjects with height difference of more than 5mm between both sides of the mandible, the early EMG activity on clenching were differed for the anterior temporalis, but the maximum activity were differed for the superficial masseter. 5. In the subjects with height difference of more than 5mm between both sides of the mandible, EMG activity of the anterior temporalis of the gum chewing side was not higher than that of the other side when chewing on the side of lower height, but in the subjects with height difference of less than 5mm, the EMG activity was higher than that of the other side.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.84-91
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• 2018

The study about maturity and spawning of Korean Mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri collected using the set net and gill net in Soyangho Lake from April to November 2014 was conducted. The number of individuals was 401 (female: 204, male: 197). The total length of females ranged from 113 mm to 365 mm and that of males was from 140 mm to 342 mm. The water temperature in May which is the start of spawning season indicated about $15^{\circ}C$ and gradually increased to July ($26^{\circ}C$). Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of females indicated 2.3%, 4.6% and 3.1%, respectively, in May to July. Males' value showed the similar pattern recording 8.0%, 6.6% and 4.5% in the same time. According to histological observations of gonadal tissue, the most of female in May had the gonadal tissue of maturing and mature stage. And the ovary of June was mostly in the stage of ripe and spawning and a number of individuals in July was recovery stage. In the case of male, a number of males in May showed in the stage of mature. The testis of June showed that mature sperm was releasing. And the testis of July was mostly in recovery stage. The total length at 50% group maturity was estimated 245.16 mm. As shown in the above, the main spawning period of S. scherzeri was May to June.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.27-46
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to analyze the export performance of Korean eyewear products in China market, and derive some implications from the results of the analysis. For the analysis, the statistical data from 2003 to 2013 produced by Korea International Trade Association were used, and Market Share Index, Trade Specialization Index, and Revealed Comparative Advantage Index as an analyzing method were selected. According to the analysis, Korea's eyewear goods market share in China's glasses market was less than 5% on average during the analyzing period amid recording chronic deficits in Korea's eyewear commodities trade to China and by product, contact lenses were competitive, while eyeglass frames, eyeglasses, eyeglass lenses and sunglasses were not competitive. The suggestions for revitalizing Korea's eyewear products exports to the China market are as follows: First, Korea's glasses industry must enhance the ability to develop creative and distinctive product design to meet the needs of Chinese consumers. Second, to meet Chinese consumers preferences, Korea's glasses industry must actively produce new materials and functional products. Third, Korea's glasses industry must improve brand awareness through the continuous launch of new products for the Chinese market. Fourth, Korea's glasses industry must actively promote strategic alliances with domestic and foreign enterprises, and the Hallyu marketing. Fifth, Korea's glasses industry must reasonably improve the unusual products distribution system. Finally, The government must prepare a systematic support system for eyeglasses industry.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.6 no.2 s.11
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• pp.103-112
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• 2006

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical safety and effect with and without additional submucosal midazolam to oral chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine when used for pediatric conscious sedation in a clinical dental environment. Methods: Thirty one cases of pediatric conscious sedations were performed in this study. Selection criteria included good health (ASA I), under 6 years old, 20 kg of body weight, uncooperative behavior and the need for sedation to receive dental treatment including anesthesia and restorative or surgical procedure for at least two teeth. In each visit, patients were randomly assigned into one of two groups; CH group: chloral hydrate (60 mg/kg), hydroxyzine (1 mg/kg), CH-M group: chloral hydrate (60 mg/kg). hydroxyzine (1 mg/kg) and submucoal midazolam (0.1 mg/kg). 50% nitrous oxide-oxygen was maintained during the sedation period Sedations were monitored using a pulse oximeter for estimating pulse rate (PR) and percutaneous oxygen saturation ($SpO_2$). Behavior response rated using Houpt's scale and need of restraint was assessed every 2 minutes through 30 minutes of operative procedure reviewing the videotape recording. Evaluation of overall behavior success was performed using modified overall behavior rate of Houpt's scale. Data was analyzed using t-test. Results: PR and $SpO_2$ for both groups remained within the normal values. The mean scores for sleep and movement of CH-M group were higher than those of CH group (P < 0.05). There were no significant difference in mean score for crying between two groups. The mean scores of overall behavior of CH-M group was higher than those of CH group (P < 0.01). Reinstraint of CH-M group was less required than that of CH group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Oral chloral hydrate (60 mg/kg) and hydroxyzine (1 mg/kg) combined with submucosal injection of midazolam was safer and showed more improved sedation effect than oral chloral hydrate (60 mg/kg) and hydroxyzine (1 mg/kg) without midazolam for sedation of pediatric dental patients.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.105-116
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• 1996

Rendering the brain ischemic would evoke the cerebral ischemic reflex which is characterized by an arterial pressor response, apnea and bradycardia. Since the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is known to play a key role in the maintenance of normal cardiopulmonary activity, during the cerebral ischemic reflex some cardiac related cells should be excited and respiration related cells inhibited. In this context, the responses of RVLM neurons to systemie and focal hypoxia were analyzed in the present study. Twenty-five adult cats of either sex were anesthetized with ${\alpha}-chloralose$ and the single neuronal activities were identified from RVLM area. For the induction of focal hypoxia in the recording site, sodium cyanide was applied iontophoretically and for systemic hypoxia the animal was ventilated with nitrogen gas for a twenty-second period. Cellular activities were analyzed in terms of their discharge pattern and responses to the hypoxia by using post-stimulus time and single-pass time histograms. Of eighteen cardiac related cells recorded from the RVLM area, twelve cells were excited by iontophoresed sodium cyanide and of twenty-five respiration related cells, fourteen cells were excited by iontophoresed sodium cyanide. Remaining cells were either inhibited or unaffected. Eight of fifteen cells tested with iontophoresed sodium lactate were excited and remaining seven cells were inhibited. Systemic hypoxia induced by nitrogen gas inhalation elevated the arterial blood pressure, but excited, inhibited or unaffected the single neuronal activities. Some cells showed initial excitation followed by inhibition during the systemic hypoxia. Bilateral vagotomy resulted in a decrease of arterial pressor response to the systemic hypoxia, and a slight decrease in the rhythmicity related to cardiac and/or respiratory rhythms. The single neuronal responses to either systemic or focal hypoxia were not affected qualitatively by vagotomy. From the above results, it was concluded that the majority of the cardiac- and respiration- related neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla be excited by hypoxia, not through the mediation of peripheral chemoreceptors, and along with the remaining inhibited cells, all these cells be involved in the mediation of cerebral ischemic reflex.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.743-751
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• 2019

This case report suggests the potential effects of Korean medicine for the gait disturbance and posture instability of Multiple System Atrophy-Parkinsonism (MSA-P). A patient with MSA-P who had gait disturbance and posture instability was given a series of Korean medicine, including acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, electro-acupuncture, moxibustion, and herbal medicine, for 15 days of hospitalization. During the hospitalization period, the severity and progression of the disease was measured with the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS) and a video recording of a 20-meter round timed walking test. The UMSARS Part I and II scores decreased from 14 to 5 and 9 to 5, respectively. An improvement was also noted in standing and walking posture, and the walking time was shortened from 30 to 25 seconds in the 20-meter round-trip walking test. Dysarthria, dysphagia, and non-motoring symptoms like sleep behavioral disorders and constipation were also improved. The findings of this case study suggest that this series of Korean medicine has potential therapeutic effects for patients with MSA-P with motor and non-motor symptoms.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.363-367
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the EAG (electroantennogram) response of Spodoptera frugiperda male to sex pheromone compounds and whether or not S. frugiperda male adults would undergo double mating. The EAG response of S. frugiperda male adult to Z9-14:Ac increased in a dose-dependent as the dose increased. Among the 7 sex pheromone components investigated, male EAG recording was the highest to Z9-14:Ac. The EAG response of S. frugiperda male adult to the mixed sex pheromone component was greater than that to the single component. Male adults of S. frugiperda were capable of double mating under laboratory condition, and the secondary mating rate increased to 72.2% compared to the 58.3% of primary mating rate. The EAG response of mated S. frugiperda male adult was not different from that of unmated S. frugiperda male. In the net house test with sex pheromone lure, mated male adults were not captured during the test period. Also, strangely, unmated male adults were not captured even in a trap equipped with virgin female adults, although the antennae of mated male adult were responded to the sex pheromone component in the laboratory. Probably, it is thought that the mated male adults may not have been caught in the trap be due to flight ability which has been decreased after mating. The field attractiveness of S. frugiperda male adults to sex pheromones remains to be further elucidated.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.3
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• pp.65-89
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• 2001

We, at The Korea Democracy Movement Archives opened temporarily at SungKongHoe University(SKHU), have currently collected about 100,000 recorded materials of democratization movement related with labor, farmer, civilian, human rights, peace, unification, young people, student and women's movements by investigating, collecting and receiving donations from civil organizations and individuals, and about 70,000 data out of this 100,000 data were converted into computer files. The Korea Democracy Movement Archives(temp) at SKHU has a significance in that it is the first archive opened by an organization. Furthermore, the opening of this Archive means the expansion of awareness on recording culture and accumulation of the achievements of the democratization movement in Korea. However, many obstacles still remain in the establishment of this Archive in a full-scale. This article examined many theoretical and realistic obstacles posed to the archivists, who are the professionals responsible for record management, in process of establishing the Archive, and the role and future perspectives of the archivists at The Korea Democracy Movement Archives(temp). The first obstacles in the process of organizing and separating the recorded materials at the Archive is a difficulty in the description of classifying the different movement organizations. The second obstacle is a difficulty in specifically applying the international standard, ISAD(G), of record description in the process of establishing the description items. Through many trials and errors, we need to try to confirm the description befitting. The Korea Democracy Movement Archives through continuous adjustment and complementary measures. The third obstacle is a difficulty in estimating the range and physical and quantitative amount of the recorded materials since the collection of recorded materials is complete. Thus, the answers to these problems lie in continuous efforts to establish a creative classification system befitting the democratization movement in Korea in the process of many trials and errors and endeavor. The evaluation classification done by archivists is a creative act forming record heritage, and archivists need to form record heritage reflecting the evaluation system of a certain period. Moreover, they transmit the shape of the current era in a maximum scale to the future by using the minimum amount of records. An archivist is responsible for two tasks, i.e., preserving a record and making other people to utilize the record by working with record. However, We, at The Korea Democracy Movement Archives(temp), have an additional task of contributing to the democratization movement in korea that has not ended by collecting, preserving and making people to utilize the fragments of memory in the recent history of Korea by establishing the Archives.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.57
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• pp.35-73
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• 2018

This study aims to elucidate the implications for 20 years of the establishment of the information disclosure law by analyzing contents of the public regulations of 50 states of the United States. For the purpose, it looks at the general outline of the open meetings law of the 50 states, including the requirements and procedure of the advance notification of the meeting, and the protest procedure and penalties for the violation of the law. As a result of analysis, under the law, public meetings should announce their schedule and agenda in advance, and minutes of meetings and recording of meetings should be accessible to citizens. Furthermore, a person who violates the law for opening meetings could be fined or imprisoned. The implications for the establishment of the Open Meetings Act in Korea are as follows: First, the open meeting system starts with the appropriate period and method of advance notice of meeting holding. Second, the substantive contents of the advance notification guarantee the effectiveness of the meeting disclosure system. Third, the method and subject of advance notification should be as wide and diverse as possible. Fourth, all decisions of the meeting that violate the law are null and void. Fifth, a system should be set up so that any citizen could easily raise objections to the violation of the law. Sixth, the person who violates the law should be held responsible. Lastly, citizen access to minutes, recordings as well as comprehensive meeting minutes writing including attendees, agendas, and ballots should be guaranteed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2019

In order to investigate the behavioral characteristics of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) released at the entrance of Jinhae Bay, Korea, the direction and range of movement, swimming speed of the fish were measured with an acoustic telemetry techniques in winter, 2015. Three wild Pacific codes WC1 to WC3 (total length 66.0, 75.0, 76.0 cm; body weight 2.84, 2.79, 3.47 kg, respectively) were tagged with the acoustic transmitter. WC1 tagged with an acoustic transmitter internally by surgical method, WC2 and WC3, externally with the acoustic data logger and a micro data logger for recording audible sound waves including timer release unit. The movement routes of the tagged fish were measured more than five hours using VR100 receiver and a directional hydrophone. The directionality of the fish movement was tested by Rayleigh's z-Test, the statistical analysis, and a statistical program SPSS. Three tagged fishes were individually released on the sea surface around the entrance to the Jinhae Bay on 10 to 24 January 2015. WC1 moved about 13.32 km with average swimming speed of 0.63 m/s for six hours. The average swimming depth and water depth of the seabed on the route of WC1 were 7.2 and 32.9 m, respectively. The movement range of WC2 and WC3 were 7.95 and 11.06 km, approximately, with average swimming speed of 0.44 and 0.58 m/s for 5.1 and 5.3 hours, respectively. The average swimming depth of WC2 and WC3 were 18.7 and 5.0 m, and the water depth on the route, 34.4 and 29.8 m, respectively. Three fishes WC1 to WC3 were shown significant directionality in the movement (p < 0.05). Movement mean angles of WC1 to WC3 were 77.7, 76.3 and $88.1^{\circ}$, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the movement direction of fish (WC1 and WC2) and the tidal currents during the experimental period (p >= 0.05). Consequently, three tagged fishes were commonly moved toward outside of the entrance and headed for eastward of the Korean Peninsula, approximately, after release. It may estimate positively that the tidal current speed may affect to the swimming speed of the Pacific cod during the spring tide than the neap tide.