• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.598-609
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• 2017

Pediococcus pentosaceus ID-7 was isolated from kimchi, a Korean fermented food, and it showed high activity for lactose hydrolysis. The ${\beta}$-galactosidase of P. pentosaceus ID-7 belongs to the GH2 group, which is composed of two distinct proteins. The heterodimeric LacLM type of ${\beta}$-galactosidase found in P. pentosaceus ID-7 consists of two genes partially overlapped, lacL and lacM encoding LacL (72.2 kDa) and LacM (35.4 kDa). In this study, Escherichia coli MM294 was used for the production of LacL, LacM, and LacLM. These three types of recombinant proteins were expressed, purified, and characterized. The specific activities of LacLM and LacL were 339 and 31 U/mg, respectively. However, activity was not detected with LacM alone. The optimal pH of LacLM and LacL was pH 7.5 and pH 7.0, and the optimal temperature of LacLM and LacL was $40^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The optimal temperature changes indicate that LacLM is able to achieve higher activity at a relatively lower temperature. LacLM was strongly activated by $Mg^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, and $Zn^{2+}$, which was not true for LacL. Consistent with this, EDTA strongly inactivated LacLM and LacL, but the presence of reducing agents did not dramatically alter the activity. Taken together, multiple alignment of amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis results of LacL and LacM of P. pentosaceus ID-7 suggest the evolution of LacL into LacLM and that the use of divalent metal ions results in higher activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.676-684
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• 1998

Baculovirus transfer and expression vectors with Hyphantria cunea nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HcNPV) were constructed. An initial transfer vector, pHcEV, constructed using HcNPV was previously reported (Park et al. 1993. J. Kor. Soc. Viral. 23: 141-151). Herein, the size of the vector was properly reduced, and a functionally perfect vector was constructed and named pHcEV-IV (6.7 kb). The vector has a 2.2-kb HcNPV DNA sequence in the 5'-flanking region of the vector's polyhedrin gene promoter. The 1.8-kb HcNPV DNA sequence, poly A signal sequence, T3 primer sequence, and 13 multicloning site sequences, in order, were ligated in front of the translation start codon of the polyhedrin gene. The cloning indicating marker lacZ gene was inserted into the pHcEV-IV, named pHcEV-IV-lacZ, and transferred into the wild-type virus. Recombinant expression virus, lacZ-HcNPV, was constructed by replacing the lacZ gene in the pHcEV-IV-lacZ with the polyhedrin gene of the wild-type virus. The recombinant virus was isolated from blue plaques that produce $\beta$-galactosidase without polyhedra. The lacZ gene insertion was confirmed by Southern hybridization analysis. The expression of the lacZ gene in Spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with the lacZ-HcNPV was examined by SDS-PAGE and colorimetric assay. One 116-kDa LacZ protein band appeared on the PAGE. The production rate of the $\beta$-galactosidase was approximately 50 international units (IU) per min per ml between 2 to 5 days postinfection (p.i.). The highest activity occurred at five days p.i. was 170 IU/min/$m\ell$. The enzyme activity first appeared about 20 h p.i. as measured by colorimetric assay.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1357-1363
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• 2008

The $P_{entC}$ promoter of the entCERA operon encoding enzymes for enterobactin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli is tightly regulated by the availability of iron in the culture medium. In iron-rich conditions, the $P_{entC}$ promoter activity is strongly repressed by the global transcription regulator Fur (ferric uptake regulator), which complexes with ferrous ions and binds to the Fur box 19-bp inverted repeat. In this study, we have constructed the expression vector pOS2 containing the $P_{entC}$ promoter and characterized its repression, induction, and modulation by quantifying the expression of the lacZ reporter gene encoding $\beta$-galactosidase. $\beta$-Galactosidase activities of E. coli transformants harboring pOS2-lacZ were highly induced in the presence of divalent metal ion chelators such as 2,2'-dipyridyl and EDTA, and were strongly repressed in the presence of excess iron. It was also shown that the basal level $\beta$-galactosidase expression by the $P_{entC}$ promoter was drastically decreased by incorporating the fur gene into the expression vector. Since the newly developed iron chelator-inducible expression system is efficient and cost-effective, it has wide applications in recombinant protein production.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 1998

Cellulose로 만들어진 다공성 미립담체를 이용하여 HeLa cell을 working volume 100mL의 spinner flask에서 배양하였으며, 세포가 완전히 자란 미립담제를 계대배양하기 위하여 담체간 세포 전이 배양 방법을 시도하였다. 부유세포의 농도는 다공성 미립담체-HeLa 시스템의 경우에 담체간 세포 전이 배양에 영향을 미치는 중요한 인자로 작용하였으며, 낮은 칼슘농도의 배지인 RPMI-1640과 빠른 교반 속도를 이용하여 활성을 유지한 많은 세포가 떨어지도록 유도하였으며, 담체간 세포 전이 배양을 효과적으로 3회 이상 실시할 수 있었다. 이렇게 배양한 세포에 재 조합 Vaccinia virus를 감염하여 그 수율을 비교한 결과 T-flask에서 떼어낸 세포로 접종한 미립담체 배양과 거의 비슷한 재조합 단백질($\beta$-galactosidase) 수율을 나타내었다. Trypsin 처리 방법에 의한 미립담체 계대 배양도 경우에 따라서는 유용한 미립담체 계대 배양 방법이 될 수 있지만 실제 생산 규모에의 적용에는 공정이 복잡해지고 정확한 제어가 필요하다는 등의 문제가 있다. 따라서, 추가적인 비용이나 공정이 필요 없는 간편한 방법인 담체간 세포 전이 배양은 동물세포 배양을 이용한 유용 단백질 및 바이러스 생산 공정의 규모 증대에 매우 유용한 수단이다.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.144-149
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• 2001

For the production and purification of a single chain human insulin precursor, four types of fusion peptides $\beta$-galactosidase (LacZ), maltose binding protein (MBP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and (His)(sub)6-tagged sequence (HTS) were investigated. Recombinant E. coli harboring hybrid genes was cultivated at 37$\^{C}$ for 1h, and gene induction occurred when 0.2mM of isopropyl-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) was added to the culture broth, except for E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS harboring a pET-BA cultivation with 1.0mM IPTG, followed by a longer than 4h batch fermentation respectively. DEAE-Sphacel and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography, amylose affinity chromatography, glutathione-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, and a nickel chelating affinity chromatography system as a kind of immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) were all employed for the purification of a single chain human insulin precursor. The recovery yields of the HTS-fused, GST-fused, MBP-fused, and LacZ-fused single chain human insulin precursors resulted in 47%, 20%, 20%, and 18% as the total protein amounts respectively. These results show that a higher recovery yield of the finally purified recombinant peptides was achieved when affinity column chromatography was employed and when the fused peptide had a smaller molecular weight. In addition the pET expression system gave the highest productivity of a fused insulin precursor due to a two-step regulation of the gene expression, and the HTS-fused system provided the highest recovery of a fused insulin precursor based on a simple and specific separation using the IMAC technique.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.498-506
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• 2016

선행연구에서 화장품 소재로서 보습력과 방부력을 가지고 있는 1, 2-hexanediol (HD)의 transgalactosylation 반응을 통하여 galactose한 분자가 HD에 결합한 1, 2-hexanediol galactoside (HD-gal)의 합성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 재조합 ${\beta}$-galactosidase (${\beta}$-gal)가 발현된 Escherichia coli (E. coli) 세포를 이용하여 약 94%의 수율로 HD-gal가 합성되는 것을 관찰하였고, HD-gal을 합성한 후, 보다 효과적인 HD-gal의 정제 방법에 대하여서도 연구하였다. 먼저 고농도의 lactose (300 g/l) 존재 하에서 ${\beta}$-gal을 함유한 E. coli 세포를 이용하여, 48 시간 동안 75 mM의 HD로 부터 HD-gal이 합성되는 것을 TLC 분석으로 확인하였고, 반응액에서 E. coli ${\beta}$-gal의 존재를 Western blotting으로 확인할 수 있었다. HD-gal을 효과적으로 순수 정제하기 위하여, 용매를 사용하여 transgalactosylation 반응이 끝난 후 잔여 HD를 우선 제거하고, 이어서 silica gel chromatography를 수행하는 방법을 실시하였다. 물에 녹지 않는 용매로는 methylene chloride와 ethyl acetate를 선택하여 비교 실험하였는데, ethyl acetate를 사용하여 4회 물층을 분획하여, 잔여 HD를 효과적으로 제거할 수 있었다. 그 후, 이어서 silica gel chromatography 수행하여, 순수한 HD-gal을 효과적으로 정제하였다. 반응에 첨가된 75 mM의 HD를 기준으로 최종 정제된 HD-gal의 생산 수율은 mole 기준으로는 약 $8.9{\pm}0.6%$ (n=3), weight 기준으로 약 $21.1{\pm}1.4%$ (n=3) 정도였다. 앞으로 이러한 정제 방법을 이용하여 얻은 HD-gal의 항균력 변화를 HD와 비교하여 평가할 예정이고, 피부세포에 대한 독성 변화를 역시 HD와 비교하여 분석할 예정이다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.225-230
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• 2004

A plasminogen kringle domain 1 to 3, rKl-3, was expressed in Escherichia coli under the control of T7 promoter. For the cost-effective production of rKl-3, the induction process was analyzed and optimized. Induction characteristics with lactose were analyzed in terms of induction time and inducer concentration in various culture conditions including batch and high-cell-density fed-batch cultures. In the fed-batch culture, the induction around 6 h after initiation of the DO-stat fed-batch culture resulted in the highest expression level of rKI-3 among the induction points examined. The highest demand of oxygen at this point was crucial for the maximum expression level of rKI-3. As the lactose concentration increased, the expression level also increased, though the expression level showed a plateau above a concentration of 14 mM of lactose. Lactose acted less specifically than IPTG since most of it was hydrolyzed to glucose and galactose. However, using lactose, the cell growth and the maximum expression level of rKl-3 increased by 20% and 24%, respectively, compared with those using IPTG in the fed-batch culture. The lactose seemed to be hydrolyzed by intracellular and extracellular $\beta$-galactosidase liberated by cell lysis at the same time. Residual concentration of glucose was maintained to a a limit of detection by high performance liquid chromatography, and galactose was not consumed by the host strain Escherichia coli BL2l(DE3).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.443-448
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• 1996

xylA 유전자의 프로모터상에서 조절양상을 조사하기 위하여 xylA 유전자의 프로모터(Pxyl)와 lacZ 유전자를 연결한 Pxyl-lacZ 융합 유전자를 제작하여 xylose에 의한 ${\beta}-galactosidase$ 생산의 조절양식을 조사하였다. xylA 프로모터 부위를 분리하여 lac 프로모터가 없는 고복제수의 lac 오페론 백터인 pMC1403에 클로닝시켜 pMCX191을 제작하여 reading frame에 변화가 없는 Pxyl-lacZ 융합 유전자를 만들었으며 이 벡터에서 Pxyl-lacZ 단편을 분리한 후 저복제수 벡터인 pLG339에 클로닝시켜 pLGX191을 제작하였다. 상기 플라스미드들을 xylA 변이주인 DH77에 형질전환시켜 Pxyl-lacZ 융합 유전자에서 ${\beta}-galactosidase$의 발현조절을 조사한 결과 xylose 농도에 따른 유도, glucose에 의한 발현억제 및 cAMP에 의한 억제해제 양상 등이 염색체상의xylA 유전자의 발현조절과 같은 경향을 나타내었다. pMCX191과 pLGX191을 이용하여 유전자 투여 량 효과를 본 결과도 복제수에 따른 차이가 크지 않았다. xylA 프로모터 부위내 조절영역를 추정하기 위해 구조유전자 상류 -209 bp를 포함한 xylA 유전자를 pUC19에 클로닝시킨 pUX30에서 프로모터 부위가 부분결손된 벡터들을 제작하여 결손부위의 염기서열을 확인하였다. 이들 부분결손 xylA 프로모터를 가진 xylA 유전자에서 xylose isomerase의 발현을 조사한 결과, 번역 개시점에서 -166 bp 이상의 영역을 결손시킨 pUX31과 pUX32의 경우pUX30과 비슷한 발현 양상을 보인 반면 -120 bp 이상의 영역을 결손시킨 pUX33과 pUX34에서는 모벡터에 비해 약 30% 수준의 발현을 보였다. 또한 pUX33과 pUX34에서는 xylose 유도시 cAMP에 의한 발현 촉진효과도 볼 수 없었다. -59 bp 이상의 부위가 결손된 pUX35의 경우에는 전혀 xylA 유전자의 발현이 일어나지 않았다. 이러한 결과로 볼때 xylA 프로모터내의 조절부위는 -165 bp에서 -59 bp 사이에 존재하는 것으로 추정되었다.