• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.16 s.16
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• pp.15-20
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• 2004

Two pieces of choson-Tongue(朝鮮通寶) minted at 1423 A.D. were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis. The measurement of lead isotope ratios was also carried out in order to predict the provenance of raw materials used for minting. The Chosen-Tongue was minted as bronze having the chemical compositions of $Cu\;90\%,\;Pb\;3\~4\%,\;Sn\;2\~3\%$, which were different from the typical composition of Chinese and Japanese coins. The results of lead isotope ratios showed that the provenance of raw materials used for minting had a possibility to be originated from South China. And application of statistical linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) to the provenance of lead used for minting of Chosen-Tongue was confirmed.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.205-217
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• 2014

The stone artifacts in Bronze age from the Sinsongri sites in Seosan, Korea were studied on material characteristics and provenance presumptions. The use and rock names of the artifacts are a stone before processing, two semifinished stone arrowheads and a grinding stone plate by slates. In addition, there is semifinished stone arrowhead by andesitic rocks. The slate could be observed easily around the site, and the andesitic rock could be confirmed typical occurrences of the all kinds of rocks around the Kanwoldo and Hwangdori, Anmyun area above 10km from the site. As a result of analysis which is comparing between stone artifacts and same kinds of raw material rocks, the stone artifacts made by slates have similar lithology and geochemical characteristics however, the stone artifacts made by andesitic rocks are found a some different part of characteristics to the same kind of raw material rocks. Comparing of major, rare earth, compatible and incompatible elements about stones artifacts made by slates and by the same kinds of raw material rocks have same geochemical patterns. However stone artifacts made by andesites and the raw material rocks are confirmed some differences of geochemistry. Therefore the slate stone artifacts in Sinsongri site suggest that these are domestic-type which are made of the rocks around the site, and it was understood that the andesitic stone artifacts are foreign-type which need to get more geological survey and study about different volcanic artifacts of the site around the area.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.189-202
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• 2016

To figure out the material characteristics about slag and raw materials which are founded in iron product sites in Seosan area, we used XRF, EDS to analysis chemical compositions. Also we observe the microstructure by microscope and SEM. To identify the mineral component, XRD analysis was used and to assume the provenance of the raw material, lead isotope ratio analysis was used. From the results, we figure out that slags are non-ferrous created when metal was refined. Also, main tissue of slags were Fayalite, Galena, Magnetite, and raw materials were identified as mineral of Galena, Anglesite, Pyrite etc. From the result about lead isotope ratio analysis, we found out most samples are classified as the Western Gyeonggi massif in South Korea. Especially three of raw materials and slag samples which collected in the Seosan Doseongri was presumed to be the provenance. We figure out that slags we analyzed were made in non-ferrous metal smelting process and especially that were more likely to smelt from Seosan Doseongri. If various slags in this area are analysed by someone, It will contribute understanding non-ferrous metal refining process as well as metal refining which are composed.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.17 s.17
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• pp.33-38
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• 2005

One piece of Haedong-Tongue(해동통보) minted at 1,102 A.D. was excavated from No.20 wooden coffin, Sinbong-dong, Cheongju. It was analyzed by micro-XRF and ICP and determined the concentrations of ten elements such as Cu, Pb, Sn, Zn, Fe, Mn, Sb, Co, As, Ag and Ni. The measurement of lead isotope ratios was also carried out in order to predict the provenance of raw materials used for minting of Haedong-Tongbo. It was found that Haedong-Tongbo was minted with three compositions of $Cu\;75.5\%,\;Pb\;13.3\%\;and\;Sn\;6.0\%$, which were different from the typical composition of Chosen-Tongbo and Sangpyung-Tongbo used in Chosen dynasty. Lead isotope ratios of Haedong-Tongbo showed that the provenance of lead used for minting of it suggested the possibility to be originated from Southern part of Korea.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.476-485
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• 2001

Both concave and convex roof-end tiles having same style and shape are excavated in Yongjangsung castle at Jindo and Burnhwasa temple at Wando in Jeollanam-Do that are the Sambyulcho's resistance sites against Mongolia in the late Koryo dynasty. Obtained data by NAA have been used to classify the equality of a raw materials' porvenance by multiple correlation analysis(MCA) and discriminant analysis. The results of MCA has shown that there are very high correlation for [La : Sm], and [Lu : Yb]. Exactly pottery site at Chungdo, roof tile site at Chungyang, Yongjangsung castle and Bumhwasa temple and Chunghaejin site at Jangdo were distributed for four trace elements, Cr, Sc, ${\Delta}$(${\Sigma}$(Lu, Yb)) and Eu by discriminant analysis, and their accuracy is above 95%. This means that Yongjangsung castle and Bumhwasa temple have same raw material's provenance.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2019

This study analyzes the material characteristics of stone tools of the Paleolithic period excavated from the Osong site, located at the project site for the creation of the Osong 2nd Life Science Complex, and estimates the provenance of the stone materials. Because the stones had been buried for a long time, their surfaces had become heavily weathered yellow or yellowish-brown, and the magnetic susceptibility values varied from 0 to 15(${\times}10^{-3}SI$). The excavated stone tools were rocks with various magnetic susceptibility values that could not be specified. Five stone tools subjected to destructive analysis were divided into two groups, one with a value of 1-3(${\times}10^{-3}SI$) and the other with a value of 5-9(${\times}10^{-3}SI$), both based on visible characteristics. The results of the thin-section analysis showed that most of the stone tools were basaltic rocks comprising plagioclase, quartz, and pyroxene, and some had iron content as high as 20 wt.%. These findings and the present geological map suggest that the stone tools were not made from the surrounding rocks because there are no areas containing basaltic rocks surrounding Bongsan-ri in Osong-eup. Andesite and tuff are distributed along with basaltic rocks in the Doan-myeon area in Jeongpyeong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do Province, but the distance from the excavation site is too far. To determine whether this region is actually related to the provenance of the raw rock, it is necessary to conduct additional field surveys and comprehensive and precise analyses.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.39
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• pp.219-242
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• 2006

Quantitative analysis and provenance interpretation of the raw materials for the jade (amazonite) excavated from the Asan Sijeonri site were studied. Geology of the Sijeonri site composed mainly of Precambrian metasedimentary rocks and the alluvium ranges extensively. In the site, amazonite jade was excavated in the Bronze Age No. 4 circular-shaped resident site. The jade has a comma-shaped and shows light green color with so much cracks. The jade is silicate mineral of columnar habits that is shown white streak, and has fine cleavages with vitreous luster. As the analytical results, this jade was identified as a feldspar-group mineral gemologically called amazonite that is mineralogically microcline formed to intergrowth of albite and orthoclase. Internal textures of the amazonite present Na-end member of albite coexisting with K-end member of orthoclase that are replaced each other along the cleavages and twin planes with several ${\mu}m$ scales. Therefore, the amazonite is one mineral phase combined with albite and orthoclase by substitution of $Na_2O$ and $K_2O$, respectively. The Danyang are is an unique producing site of amazonite in South Korea, and Gongju Janggimyeon was known as microcline provenance to the utmost area from the Sijeonri site. In the marginal area of southern coast in Korean Peninsula, Bronze Age amazonite has been excavated in several sites, where original provenance of the raw amazonite is not identified. The Sijeonri site does not show any facilities of producing and processing traces for amazonite jade. Also, only one jade was collected in the Sijeonri site. Therefore, there is not possibility that the provenance of raw jade is the Sijeonri area. To explain original provenance of the amazonite jade, migration path, manufacturing process and archaeological interpretation are required.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.392-402
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• 2019

This study interpreted the characteristics of the site and provenance of raw material by performing material characteristics analysis of the slags and tuyeres excavated from the Sinpung site in Wanju, Jeollabuk-do. The major chemical compositions suggested that the slags and tuyeres were created when Cu-Sn-Pb was alloyed. Metal microscope and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer analyses revealed that the slags and tuyeres were by-products formed in the alloying process. This alloy, created by adding galena to copper and tin ingots, was an intermediary material used in making the finished products. According to the lead isotope ratio analysis result, slags could be made using galena of the southern Zone III region of Korea. Based on the decomposition of mica group minerals and the formation of mullite detected through X-ray diffraction analysis, it is possible to conclude that the tuyeres operated at approximately 1,000℃ as, the mullite was detected on the outside of the tuyeres.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.7-20
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• 2012

This study was to identify the material characteristics and provenance of the Joseon (the 15th to 17th century) potteries from Ssangyongdong Yongam site in Cheonan. The pottery samples of the kilns and the workshops (habitation) from the study area have grey or red color with similar matrix but various shapes and different hardness, according to firing temperature. All of the pottery and the workshop soils were very similar patterns with characteristics of occurrences, mineralogy and geochemical evolution trend. But soils from around the site does not correspond with them. So the workshop soil that the fine clay is raw clay for making pottery in Yongam site. Firing temperature of soft-type potteries were presumed to be formed around $900^{\circ}C$ based on phase transition of clay minerals and mica. Hard-type pottery, mullite was detected and plagioclase was not detected by X-ray diffraction analysis, which means that potteries had experienced firing between 1,000 to $1,100^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.263-270
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• 2014

This paper was researched that provenance of the raw material for bronze relics excavated Cheonghaejin using the distribution of lead isotope ratio based on galena ores of South Korea. Also we want to make sure that the trace elements appearing as a by-product can be used as a secondary indicator for provenance research. In the case of the galena map of the East-North Asia (Mabuchi, 1985), data are plotted in China area. Therefore it is estimated that most bronzes were produced with lead ore from China. On the other hand, the same data are plotted in the Okcheon Metamorphic Belt and Yeongnam Massif of the galena map of South Korea (KOPLID, 2012). Also the contents of Ag and Sb are available as indicator due to separate ores from similar zone in lead isotope ratio.