• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.180-186
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• 2014

Background: This study evaluated changes in ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activities in hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots (HGR) and leaves (HGL) with heating temperature. Methods: Heat treatment was performed at temperatures of $90^{\circ}C$, $110^{\circ}C$, $130^{\circ}C$, and $150^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours Results: The ginsenoside content varied significantly with heating temperature. The levels of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re in HGR decreased with increasing heating temperature. Ginsenosides F2, F4, Rk3, Rh4, Rg3 (S form), Rg3 (R form), Rk1, and Rg5, which were absent in the raw ginseng, were formed after heat treatment. The levels of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rb1 in HGL decreased with increasing heating temperature. Conversely, ginsenosides Rk3, Rh4, Rg3 (R form), Rk1, and Rg5 increased with increasing heating temperature. In addition, ginsenoside contents of heated HGL were slightly higher than those of HGR. The highest extraction yield was 14.39% at $130^{\circ}C$, whereas the lowest value was 10.30% at $150^{\circ}C$ After heating, polyphenol contents of HGR and HGL increased from 0.43 mg gallic acid equivalent/g (mg GAE eq/g) and 0.74 mg GAE eq/g to 6.16 mg GAE eq/g and 2.86 mg GAE eq/g, respectively. Conclusion: Antioxidant activities of HGR and HGL, measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging ability, increased with increasing heating temperature. These results may aid in improving the biological activity and quality of ginseng subjected to heat treatments.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2021

Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 is well known for many pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antidiabetes, antiinflammatory, and antiobesity properties. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are ubiquitous enzymes present in nature and are widely used for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates, and novel derivatives. We aimed to synthesize new ginsenosides from Rh2 using the recombinant GT enzyme and investigate its cytotoxicity with diverse cell lines. Methods: We have used a GT gene with 1,224-bp gene sequence cloned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LRGT) and then expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant GT protein was purified and demonstrated to transform Rh2 into two novel ginsenosides, and they were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: Two novel ginsenosides with an additional glucopyranosyl (6→1) and two additional glucopyranosyl (6→1) linked with the C-3 position of the substrate Rh2 were synthesized, respectively. Cell viability assay in the lung cancer (A549) cell line showed that glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 inhibited cell viability more potently than ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 at a concentration of 10 μM. Furthermore, glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect in murine macrophage cells (RAW264.7), mouse embryo fibroblasts cells (3T3-L1), and skin cells (B16BL6) at a concentration of 10 μM compared with ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3. Conclusion: This is the first report on the synthesis of two novel ginsenosides, namely, glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 and diglucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 from Rh2 by using recombinant GT isolated from L. rhamnosus. Moreover, diglucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 might be a new candidate for treatment of inflammation, obesity, and skin whiting, and especially for anticancer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.627-637
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• 2023

Background: Damage to the healthy intestinal epithelial layer and regulation of the intestinal immune system, closely interrelated, are considered pivotal parts of the curative treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Plant-based diets and phytochemicals can support the immune microenvironment in the intestinal epithelial barrier for a balanced immune system by improving the intestinal microecological balance and may have therapeutic potential in colitis. However, there have been only a few reports on the therapeutic potential of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PENs) and the underlying mechanism in colitis. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of PENs from Panax ginseng, ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GENs), in a mouse model of IBD, with a focus on the intestinal immune microenvironment. Method: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of GENs on acute colitis, we treated GENs in Caco2 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and analyzed the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Furthermore, we further examined bacterial DNA from feces and determined the alteration of gut microbiota composition in DSS-induced colitis mice after administration of GENs through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Result: GENs with low toxicity showed a long-lasting intestinal retention effect for 48 h, which could lead to effective suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 production through inhibition of NF-κB in DSS-induced colitis. As a result, it showed longer colon length and suppressed thickening of the colon wall in the mice treated with GENs. Due to the amelioration of the progression of DSS-induced colitis with GENs treatment, the prolonged survival rate was observed for 17 days compared to 9 days in the PBS-treated group. In the gut microbiota analysis, the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota was decreased, which means GENs have therapeutic effectiveness against IBD. Ingesting GENs would be expected to slow colitis progression, strengthen the gut microbiota, and maintain gut homeostasis by preventing bacterial dysbiosis. Conclusion: GENs have a therapeutic effect on colitis through modulation of the intestinal microbiota and immune microenvironment. GENs not only ameliorate the inflammation in the damaged intestine by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines but also help balance the microbiota on the intestinal barrier and thereby improve the digestive system.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

Objectives : Cheongnoimyungshin-hwan (CNMSH) is a Herbal compound prescription that is composed mainly of herbal medicines such as Ginseng Radix Alba, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Longan Arillus and cornus cervi parvum, and for the purpose of improving memory and preventing dementia. Methods : In this study, it was investigated whether CNMSH could suppress inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. As a result, CNMSH decreased expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, and also inhibited production of NO, prostaglandin E2. Results : This effect was associated with the suppression of the expression of p65, one of the nuclear factor-kappaB ($NF-{\kappa}B$) subunits, and increased expression of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$, inhibit the $NF-{\kappa}B$ transcription factor. In addition, CNMSH significantly blocked intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation in response to LPS stimulation. Furthermore, CNMSH increased expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf)-2 activation and heme oxygenase (HO)-1. Conclusions : Therefore, it has been shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by inhibiting the expression and production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated macrophages, and is associated with ROS generation and is activated by Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1985

Pseudomonas stutzeri IAM 12097이 생산(生産)하는 Exo-maltotetraohydrolase는 soluble starch, amylose, amylopectin, oyster glycogen, corn, potato, glutinous rice, green banana, arrow root 의 호화전분(糊化澱粉), maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, maltooctaose를 가수분해(加水分解)하였으나, ${\alpha},{\beta},{\gamma}-cyclodextin$, sucrose, raffinose, pullulan, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose는 분해(分解)하지 못하였다. 소당류중(少糖類中) maltohexaose를 가장 잘 분해(分解)하였으며, 각종기질(各種基質)의 주분해산물(主分解産物)은 maltotetraose였다. pullulanase의 혼용(混用)으로 호화전분(糊化澱粉)의 분해율(分解率)은 증가(增加)되었으나 생전분(生澱粉)에 대(對)하여는 혼용효과(混用效果)를 인정(認定)할 수 없었고 생전분중(生澱粉中)에서 corn starch가 가장 잘 분해(分解)되며 raw potato starch, raw arrow root starch, raw high amylose corn starch의 분해(分解)는 미약(微弱)하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.139-147
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the quality characteristics of retorted Samgyetang (Korean ginseng chicken soup) made from white semi-broilers (WSB; Ross×Hyline white, 3 weeks old), commercial broilers (CB; Ross, 4 weeks old), Korean native chickens (KNC; Hanhyup-3-ho, 12 weeks old) and old laying hens (OLH; Hyline white, 72 weeks old) and to explore the possibility of using the carcasses of KNCs and OLHs as raw material for product diversification. Methods: Raw and cooked meat quality, fatty acid composition and consumer acceptance were analyzed. Results: Among the chicken breeds, OLH and KNC showed a higher shear force value than WSB and CB due to high insoluble collagen contents. However, the meat of KNC was more tender than that of OLH. The meat of OLH was characterized by the lowest moisture content and highest crude fat content. The meat of KNC was characterized by a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids, α-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid than that of OLH. The meat of OLH showed the highest content of unsaturated fatty acid, particularly linoleic acid, in its thigh meat. Electronic nose readings revealed that the meat aroma pattern was clearly different across breeds. OLH had the lowest overall acceptance score, while no differences were found in flavor, texture, juiciness and appearance among WSB, CB, and KNC. Conclusion: KNC shows potential as raw material for Samgyetang, while additional preprocessing methods, such as tenderization and fat removal, are required for the utilization of OLH as raw material for retorted Samgyetang.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.342-347
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• 2009

인삼의 저장 유통시키는 기존 방식을 개선키 위한 기초 연구로 표면 세척을 한 인삼의 저장 중에 품질변화를 세척 살균수로 저온 냉각수($2^{\circ}C$), 전해수(pH 8.0-8.5, HClO 80 ppm), 이산화 염소수(5 ppm)를 사용하여 품질특성을 비교 하였다. 경도 분석결과, 모든 처리구에서 연화현상이 발생되는 것으로 분석되었다. 무처리 후 저장 조건의 CT-10 처리구의 경우 15일 경과 후에 급격히 표면의 경도 저하 현상이 나타났으며, $20^{\circ}C$ 저장온도에서는 모든 처리구에서 $10^{\circ}C$에 비교하여 연화에 의한 경도의 변화가 급격히 진행되어 측정이 불가능하였다. 색도의 변화는 저장온도 10, $20^{\circ}C$에서 모든 처리구가 갈변반응이 진행되었다. 상대적으로 저온 냉각수의 세척이 오히려 무처리구 보다 갈변반응이 높게 나타났으며, 전해수와 이산화염소수 처리가 갈변억제 또는 지연을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 중량 감소율은 처리구의 50일까지 중량 감소폭이 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 저장 15일후 $10^{\circ}C$에서는 무처리구와 비교하여 전해수처리가 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며 이산화 염소수, 무처리구 저온 냉각수 순으로 감소폭이 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 저장 30일후에는 저장 15일후와 유사한 경향을 보이고 있으며 전해수 처리구의 경우 중량 감소율이 빠르게 진행되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 저장 50일후는 모든 처리구에서 유의적인 차이를 볼 수가 없었다. 저장 10일후 $20^{\circ}C$에서는 $10^{\circ}C$에서와 같이 처리구별 뚜렷한 경향을 보이지 않았으나 이산화염소수 처리가 가장 감소폭이 높게 나타났다. 살균조건별 미생물의 변화는 10, $20^{\circ}C$에서 전해수 80 ppm이 효과적인 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 세척방법에서 이산화 염소수의 경우 전해수 처리구와 비슷한 경향으로 분석되었다. 세척 인삼의 저장 중 수분 변화(%)는 모든 처리구에서 인삼은 수분의 변화가 나타나지 않는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.742-746
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• 2011

산양삼을 이용한 새로운 고부가가치의 전통 약주를 개발하기 위해 증자 멥쌀에 140%의 물을 혼합하고, 증자쌀 대비 3%의 개량누룩(Rhizopus sp.)과 1.5%의 건조 효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)를 첨가하여 2일간 $20^{\circ}C$에서 발효시켜서 밑술을 제조하였다. 여기에 밑술 대비 200%의 쌀을 첨가한 120%의 물을 혼합하고 정제효소를 0.08% 첨가 한 다음 발효 3일후 산양삼을 첨가하여 $20^{\circ}C$에서 발효시켰다. 산양삼 첨가량에 따른 에탄올 생성량을 조사한 결과 산양삼 1.2%를 첨가했을 때 18.5%의 에탄올이 생성되었고 산양삼의 첨가량이 증가할수록 에탄올 생성량에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 증자 발효와 무증자 발효방법에 따른 알코올 함량은 각각 18.0와 18.5%로 증자 발효와 무증자 발효간에 에탄올 생성능에 차이는 없었다. 산양삼 처리 방법에 따른 전통 약주중의 사포닌 함량 변화를 조사한 결과 마이크로웨이브를 처리한 산양삼을 첨가하여 제조한 산양삼약주의 경우 791 ppm의 사포닌을 함유하고 있었지만 생 산양삼을 첨가한 시료는 460.69 ppm, 증자한 산양삼 첨가의 경우에는 753.02 ppm의 사포닌이 함유되어 있었다. 마이크로웨이브 처리 시간에 따른 산양삼 첨가 약주의 사포닌 함량을 측정할 결과 90초와 120초와는 큰 차이가 나지 않았으며 120초가 넘게 마이크로웨이브를 처리했을 경우 산양삼의 외부 조직이 탄화되어 관능적으로 향이 나빠졌으며 맛에서도 좋지 않았다. 최종적으로 산양삼 1.2%를 첨가했을 때 에탄올 생성량과 기호도가 가장 우수하였고 산양삼을 마이크로웨이브로 90초 처리하여 첨가한 전통 약주가 가장 높은 사포닌 함량을 보였다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.369-374
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 김치로부터 분리된 L. brevis SM61을 생화학적 특성과 16s rRNA 염기서열 분석을 통해 분리 및 동정하였으며, 흰점박이꽃무지 유충 열수추출물과 산양삼 분말을 L. brevis SM61을 이용하여 48시간동안 발효를 수행하여 발효물을 제조하였다. 그리고, 흰점박이꽃무지 유충 열수추출물과 L. brevis SM61을 사용한 발효물에 대해 농도에 따른 세포 독성은 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고, 흰점박이꽃무지 유충 열수추출물과 L. brevis SM61을 사용한 발효물에 대해 발효 시간에 따른 폴리페놀 함량을 분석한 결과 발효 초기에는 약 $1.49{\mu}g/mL$ 비해 48시간 이후 약 $5.09{\mu}g/mL$ 수준으로 증가하였다. 또한, 항산화능은 흰점박이꽃무지 유충 열수추출물이 약 60%였으나, L. brevis SM61을 이용한 발효물이 약 98%로 높아졌다. 항균 활성의 경우 L. brevis SM61을 이용한 발효물에서만 항균 효과가 확인되었다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통해 분리된 신규 L. brevis SM61을 이용한 흰점박이꽃무지 유충의 열수추출물에 대한 발효물은 식용 곤충의 기능성을 강화시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 해당 유산균을 활용하여 다양한 식용 곤충에도 적용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.286-291
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• 1986

Forty herbal drugs which are described to have potential antitumor activity were solvent-fractionated with petroleum ether, ether and ethyl acetate in sequence. The cytotoxic activity was mostly shown in the ether fraction(40.54%) and petroleum ether fraction (35.15%), but scarcely in the water phase (10.8%), meaning that most of the active components had less polar property. Twenty-seven percent of the drugs tested were active, which is higher value than 10.4% of the random sampled drugs The drugs possessing the $ED_{50}$ values less than $10{mu}g/ml$ were the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Curcuma domestica, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Astragalus membraneceus and Scutellaria indica, the leaves of Panax ginseng, S. indica and Liriodendron tulipifera, the barks of Picrasma ailanthoides and Rhus vernifera, the herbs of Agrimonia pilosa and Siegesbeckia pubescens the seeds of Tricosanthes kirilowii, P. ailanthoides, and the stem of P. ginseng.