• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.390-398
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to select a cake ingredient acting as an emulsifier to retard the retrogradation of rice cake commercially available. For the purpose, Backsulgi, a traditional Korean rice cake, was prepared by adding various ingredients having high contents of lecithin such as raw soybean powder, parched soybean powder, soybean oil, egg yolk powder, and then the changes in the sensory and textural characteristics of the cakes were determined while storing them at the temperatures of 4$\^{C}$ and 20$\^{C}$ for 0, 1, 2 and 3 days. Based on the sensory evaluation, Backsulgi samples added with raw soybean flour were significantly different in roasted nutty smell, roasted nutty taste, softness, moistness, cohesiveness and overall quality compared with the control in the longer storage time at 20$\^{C}$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1656-1661
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• 2010

Alkaline protease for the hydrolysis of egg yolk protein was immobilized on five carriers - Duolite A568, Celite R640, Dowex-1, Dowex 50W and Silica gel R60. Duolite A568 showed a maximum immobilization yield of 24.7%. Optimum pH for the free and immobilized enzyme was pH 8 and 9, respectively. However, no change was observed in optimum temperature ($50^{\circ}C$). Thermal stability was observed in immobilized enzymes compared to free enzymes. The immobilized enzyme retained 86% activity after 10 cycle operations in a repeated batch process. The effect of flow rate on the stability of enzyme activity in continuous packed-bed reactor was investigated. Lowering flow rate increased the stability of the immobilized enzyme. After 96 hr of continuous operation in a packed-bed reactor, the immobilized enzyme retained 83 and 61% activity when casein and egg yolk were used as a raw materials, respectively.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.885-898
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• 2024

Ovomucin (OM), which has insoluble fractions is a viscous glycoprotein, found in egg albumin. Enzymatic hydrolysates of OM have water solubility and bioactive properties. This study investigated that the immunostimulatory effects of OM hydrolysates (OMHs) obtained by using various proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase^®, bromelain, α-chymotrypsin, Neutrase^®, pancreatin, papain, Protamax^®, and trypsin) in RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that OMH prepared with pancreatin (OMPA) produced the highest levels of nitrite oxide in RAW 264.7 cells, through upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were increased with the cytokines mRNA expression. The effect of OMPA on mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway was increased the phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, OMPA could be used as a potential immune-stimulating agent in the functional food industry.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.257-268
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• 2017

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the correlation between obesity, threshold of salty taste, optimal saltiness and blood pressure in middle school students in a fishing village. The subjects were 115 boys and 103 girls in middle school in a fishing village. The BMI index and systolic and diastolic blood pressures of subjects were measured, and the subjects were divided into a normal and obese group according to their BMI. The threshold of salty taste and salt preference for a semisolid dish (steamed egg dish), liquid dish (bean sprout soup), and a solid dish (raw radish salad), were estimated by sensory evaluation. Calorie intake was measured using the weighing plate method. The boys in the obese group showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures than those in the normal, but girls did not. Furthermore, calorie intakes of the boys in the obese group were significantly higher than those in the normal group, but this was not shown in girls. On the threshold of salty taste, both boys and girls in the obese group needed higher concentration of salt than those in the normal group. The threshold of salty taste were significantly positively correlated with systolic pressure and diastolic pressure in boys. Regarding the salt preference in the steamed egg dish, bean-sprout soup, and raw radish salad, both boys and girls in the obese group preferred higher concentrations. The higher concentration they preferred, the higher the systolic and diastolic pressures were in boys, but only systolic blood pressure was higher in girls. From these results, it is evident that a nutritional education program is needed in school to help restricting middle school students salt consumption and decreasing obesity to prevent hypertension.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.249-258
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• 2020

The potential use of egg shell and calcined egg shell as adsorbent was evaluated and compared to remove Cd²⁺ from aqueous solution. The samples were characterized using Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX) and BET Surface Analyzer. The batch-type adsorption experiment was conducted by varying diverse variables such as contact time, pH, initial Cd²⁺ concentrations and adsorbent dosage. The results showed that, under the initial Cd²⁺ concentrations ranged from 25 to 200 mg g^-1, the removal efficiencies of Cd²⁺ by egg shell powder (ESP) were decreased steadily from 96.72% to 22.89% with increase in the initial Cd²⁺ concentration at 2.5 g of dosage and 8 h of contact time. However, on the contrary to this, calcined egg shell powder (CESP) showed removal efficiencies above 99% regardless of initial Cd²⁺ concentration. The difference in the adsorption behavior of Cd²⁺ may be explained due to the different pH values of ESP and CESP in solution. Cd²⁺ seems to be efficiently removed from aqueous solution by using the CESP with a basicity nature of around pH 12. It was also observed that an optimum dosage of ESP and CESP for nearly complete removal of Cd²⁺ from aqueous solution is approximately 5.0 g and 1.0 g, respectively. Consequently, Cd²⁺ is more favorably adsorbed on CESP than ESP in the studied conditions. Adsorption data were applied by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models and Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, respectively. With regard to adsorption kinetics tests, the pseudo-second-order kinetics was more suitable for ESP and CESP. The adsorption pattern of Cd²⁺ by ESP was better fitted to Langmuir isotherm model. However, by contrast with ESP, CESP was described by Freundlich isotherm model well.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.131-141
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• 2004

The FTA(Free Trade Agreements) are loading the world trade liberalization. Entering into FTA with Chile on 1 Apr 2004, Korea is trying to tie with Singapore and Japan in FTA. It also has a long-term plan for free-trading with China, USA, ASEAN, Canada and India. The portion of the dairy products imported from Chile, Japan and Singapore is under 1% of total dairy product imports. However, in the long run the conclusion of FTA with dairy product exporting countries such as USA, Australia, New Zealand and Netherlands will give a big impact on the dairy industry with abrupt increment in dairy product imports. Especially, whole and skim milk powder imports which are imported on the high tariff rate expect to increase. Furthermore mixed milk powder(Food preparations of goods and other whey powders) imports which domestic price is higher than world market also will dramatically increase. The milk powder stocks have increased since 2002. That made the government carry out some policies. Those include slaughtering milking cow(2002) and terminating the dairy farm enterprise and decreasing in milk production(2003). Also the case of artificial insemination by a Hanwoo fertilized egg has increased with the rise of Hanwoo farm price in 2003. By those reason, it is forecasted that the downward trend in the number of cow will be continued in 2004. It is also forecasted that the raw milk production in 2004 will decrease 4.4% compared to last year due to decreasing in the number of milking cow and raw milk collecting quota.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.7
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• pp.53-58
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• 1995

To elucidate the effect of egg white lysozyme from Ogol fowl on the preservation of milks, fishcurd and sausage, changes of pH, volatile base nitrogen content and viable cell count were investigated during the storage periods at $20^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$ after the addition of lysozyme in each foods. Volatile base nitrogen count of raw milk as marker of spoilage was lowest(63 mg%) in 0.05% lysozyme addition lot which was stored at $20^{\circ}C$ for 2 days, and its preservation effect by lysozyme at $30^{\circ}C$ was enhanced with addition of glycine(0.1%). Preservation effect by lysozyme in commercial milk at $37^{\circ}C$ and in fishcurd at $5^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ were also good, and when sausage was stored at $5^{\circ}C$ after treatment of lysozyme instead of sorbic acid, its preservation effect was acceptable.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2015

Objectives: Maintaining a balanced diet is very crucial for adolescents. However, adolescents, who may have a short notion about the amount of food, find it difficult to plan daily meals by applying the target pattern proposed by the Korean Nutrition Society. This study was carried out to revise the target pattern based on cooked dishes instead of raw material food groups as an easier way for Korean adolescents to plan their meals. Methods: Target pattern for Korean adolescents were revised based on the following: $1^{st}$, categorize dish groups, $2^{nd}$, calculate representative values of each dish based on the adolescent' intake amount. $3^{rd}$, assign the recommended number of intake for each dish. Validity of the target pattern for Korean adolescent meal plan was examined by the energy content, energy contribution ratio, and NAR & INQ of nutrients. Results: The 11 dish groups categorized were bab; gook tang gigae; side dishes of meat, fish, egg, legume, kimchi, vegetable, seaweed; and between meal of fruit, and milk dairy product. Based on the representative energy values, recommended number of intake were assigned to each dish. For boys, bab and gook tang gigae: 3 each; meat, fish, egg, and legume: 1 each; kimchi and vegetable: 3 each; seaweed: 1; fruit and milk dairy product: 2 each were assigned. For girls, bab and gook tang gigae: 2 each; meat, fish, egg, and legume: choice of 3 dishes, 1 each; kimchi and vegetable: 3 each; seaweed: 1; fruit and milk dairy product: 2 each were assigned. Energy contents, energy contribution ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat for boys and girls were in adequate range. The NARs were 1.0 and INQs were ${\geq}1.0$ for all nutrients examined. Conclusions: Revised dish-based, instead of food-based adolescent target patterns for boys and girls were easier and a valid way of Korean adolescent meal planning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.797-803
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• 2015

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is usually caused by foods such as wheat, egg, milk, and peanuts, leading to common health problems in early childhood with complications like urtication. The aim of this study was to evaluate ethanol extracts of rice and rice snacks concentrated until the ethanol was completely eliminated and hot-air dried. In vitro analyses were carried out using murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. We measured cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and inflammatory cytokine level. The NO level of the cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly reduced by rice and rice snack extracts. $TNF-{\alpha}$ level decreased in contrast to the LPS group, although a significant difference was not observed. On the other hand, IL-6 significantly decreased in both rice and rice snack extracts in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the present study suggest that rice and rice snack decreased NO and inflammatory cytokine levels. Therefore, rice could be useful as a raw material for relieving child atopic dermatitis caused by snacks made from wheat.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 2009

4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, a phenolic compound found in a variety of natural sources, was previously shown to contain anti-inflammatory and related anti-angiogenic and anti-nociceptive activities. The present work was designed to assess some pharmacological activities of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHD), an analogue of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. DHD exhibited a significant inhibition in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis, and its $IC_{50}$ value was $2.4\;{\mu}g/egg$. DHD also contained in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using acetic acid-induced permeability and carrageenan-induced air pouch models in mice. In the air pouch model, DHD showed significant suppression in exudate volume, number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and nitrite content. DHD showed an anti-nociceptive activity in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. It also suppressed enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO) and elevated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It was able to slightly decrease the level of reactive oxygen species in the stimulated macrophages. DHD at the used concentrations couldn't modulate the viabilities of RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, like 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, DHD contains anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities.